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In the present thesis, the author reviews the physics of cosmological first-order phase transitions that may have occured shortly after the Big Bang. Such transitions proceed via the nucleation and expansion of true vacuum bubbles and give…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-12-16 Moritz Breitbach

We consider a standard model extension equipped with a dark sector where the $U(1)_X^{}$ Abelian gauge symmetry is spontaneously broken by the dark Higgs mechanism. In this framework, we investigate patterns of the electroweak phase…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2018-07-02 Katsuya Hashino , Mitsuru Kakizaki , Shinya Kanemura , Pyungwon Ko , Toshinori Matsui

We explore the potential of gravitational waves (GWs) to probe the pre-BBN era of the early universe, focusing on the effects of energy injection. Specifically, we examine a hidden sector alongside the Standard Model that undergoes a strong…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2025-02-12 James B. Dent , Bhaskar Dutta , Mudit Rai

We study phase transitions in a softly broken $U(1)$ complex singlet scalar model in which the dark matter is the pseudo-scalar part of a singlet whose direct detection coupling to matter is strongly suppressed. Our aim is to find ways to…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2019-10-03 Kristjan Kannike , Martti Raidal

The discovery of gravitational waves opens new opportunities to test BSM physics. In particular, the production of a stochastic background of primordial gravitational waves could provide a signature of the generation of the right-right…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2022-05-13 Pasquale Di Bari

The pulsar timing array (PTA) collaborations have recently suggested the presence of a gravitational wave background at nano-Hertz frequencies. In this paper, we explore potential inflationary interpretation of this signal within the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2023-11-14 Chengjie Fu , Jing Liu , Xing-Yu Yang , Wang-Wei Yu , Yawen Zhang

In recent years, several pulsar timing array collaborations have reported first hints for a stochastic gravitational wave background at nano-Hertz frequencies. Here we elaborate on the possibility that this signal comes from new physics…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2023-11-02 Eric Madge , Enrico Morgante , Cristina Puchades-Ibáñez , Nicklas Ramberg , Wolfram Ratzinger , Sebastian Schenk , Pedro Schwaller

Pulsar timing arrays (PTA) are a promising probe to the cosmologically novel nanohertz gravitational wave (GW) regime through the stochastic GW background. In this work, we consider subluminal GW modes as a possible source of correlations…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-05-26 Reginald Christian Bernardo , Kin-Wang Ng

Recent pulsar timing data reported by the NANOGrav collaboration indicates the existence of a stochastic gravitational wave (GW) background at a frequency $f\sim 10^{-8}~\rm Hz$. We show that a dark sector consisting of a Standard Model…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-06-24 Basabendu Barman , Amit Dutta Banik , Avik Paul

I explore various scenarios for the phase transition within neutron-star matter. I do so by generating large model-agnostic ensemble using Gaussian processes, both with and without explicit inclusion of first-order phase transitions…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2025-06-05 Oleg Komoltsev

We discuss the interpretation of the detected signal by Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) observations as a gravitational wave background (GWB) of cosmological origin. We combine NANOGrav 15-years and EPTA-DR2new data sets and confront them against…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-04-29 Daniel G. Figueroa , Mauro Pieroni , Angelo Ricciardone , Peera Simakachorn

Cosmological phase transitions (CPTs), such as the Grand Unified Theory (GUT) and the electroweak (EW) ones, play a significant role in both particle physics and cosmology. In this letter, we propose to probe the first-order CPTs, by…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2017-01-02 Hongliang Jiang , Tao Liu , Sichun Sun , Yi Wang

In this paper we attempt to investigate the nature of the first gravitational wave (GW) signal to be detected by pulsar timing arrays (PTAs): will it be an individual, resolved supermassive black hole binary (SBHB), or a stochastic…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-23 Pablo A. Rosado , Alberto Sesana , Jonathan Gair

Recent observations from several pulsar timing array (PTA) collaborations have unveiled compelling evidence for a stochastic signal in the nanohertz band. This signal aligns remarkably with a gravitational wave (GW) background, potentially…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-03-27 Zu-Cheng Chen , Shou-Long Li , Puxun Wu , Hongwei Yu

A strong first-order phase transition in a dark sector may produce all or part of the low-frequency gravitational wave signal recently reported by the NANOGrav Collaboration and other pulsar timing arrays. Here we point out, with a simple…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-02-27 Lucas Brown , Stefano Profumo , Aditi Gangadharan , Zeynep Su Koç

We study the possibility of testing a dark matter (DM) scenario embedded in a global lepton number symmetry $U(1)_L$ via gravitational waves (GW) and cosmic microwave background (CMB) observations. The spontaneous breaking of $U(1)_L$…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2024-10-14 Debasish Borah , Nayan Das , Rishav Roshan

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) will enable the detection of nanohertz gravitational waves (GWs) from a population of supermassive binary black holes (SMBBHs) in the next $\sim 3-7$ years. In addition, PTAs provide a rare opportunity to probe…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-07-12 Xavier Siemens , Jeffrey S. Hazboun , Paul T. Baker , Sarah Burke-Spolaor , Dustin Madison , Chiara Mingarelli , Joseph Simon , Tristan Smith

Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs) have recently found strong evidence for low-frequency gravitational waves (GWs) in the nanohertz frequency regime. As GWs pass, they produce deviations in measured lengths and light-travel times. PTA experiments…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-05-05 Luke Zoltan Kelley

Recent pulsar timing array results, including the NANOGrav 15-year data set, show evidence for a stochastic gravitational-wave background (GWB) in the nanohertz band. We present a Bayesian framework to compare three possible origins: (i) a…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-28 Mengshen Wang , Zuocheng Zhang , Hua Xu

If the cosmological QCD phase transition is strongly first order and lasts sufficiently long, it generates a background of gravitational waves which may be detected via pulsar timing experiments. We estimate the amplitude and the spectral…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2014-11-21 Chiara Caprini , Ruth Durrer , Xavier Siemens