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Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) detect low-frequency gravitational waves (GWs) by looking for correlated deviations in pulse arrival times. Current Bayesian searches use Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods, which struggle to sample the…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2023-03-08 Gabriel E. Freedman , Aaron D. Johnson , Rutger van Haasteren , Sarah J. Vigeland

Transient gravitational waves (aka gravitational wave bursts) within the nanohertz frequency band could be generated by a variety of astrophysical phenomena such as the encounter of supermassive black holes, the kinks or cusps in cosmic…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-07-13 Heling Deng , Bence Bécsy , Xavier Siemens , Neil J. Cornish , Dustin R. Madison

The nanohertz gravitational wave background (GWB) is expected to be an aggregate signal of an ensemble of gravitational waves emitted predominantly by a large population of coalescing supermassive black hole binaries in the centres of…

Recent pulsar timing array results, including the NANOGrav 15-year data set, show evidence for a stochastic gravitational-wave background (GWB) in the nanohertz band. We present a Bayesian framework to compare three possible origins: (i) a…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-28 Mengshen Wang , Zuocheng Zhang , Hua Xu

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are designed to detect nanohertz-frequency gravitational waves (GWs). Since GWs are anticipated from cosmic strings, PTAs offer a viable approach to testing their existence. We present the results of the first…

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) perform Bayesian posterior inference with expensive MCMC methods. Given a dataset of ~10-100 pulsars and O(10^3) timing residuals each, producing a posterior distribution for the stochastic gravitational wave…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2023-10-20 David Shih , Marat Freytsis , Stephen R. Taylor , Jeff A. Dror , Nolan Smyth

Direct detection of low-frequency gravitational waves ($10^{-9} - 10^{-8}$ Hz) is the main goal of pulsar timing array (PTA) projects. One of the main targets for the PTAs is to measure the stochastic background of gravitational waves (GWB)…

State-of-the-art searches for gravitational waves (GWs) in pulsar timing array (PTA) datasets model the signal as an isotropic, Gaussian and stationary process described by a power-law. In practice, none of these properties are expected to…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-03-25 Serena Valtolina , Golam Shaifullah , Anuradha Samajdar , Alberto Sesana

Recently, several major pulsar timing array (PTA) collaborations have assembled strong evidence for the existence of a gravitational-wave background at frequencies around the nanohertz regime. Assuming that the PTA signal is attributed to…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-03-27 Lang Liu , You Wu , Zu-Cheng Chen

We report multiple lines of evidence for a stochastic signal that is correlated among 67 pulsars from the 15-year pulsar-timing data set collected by the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves. The correlations follow…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-06-29 Gabriella Agazie , Akash Anumarlapudi , Anne M. Archibald , Zaven Arzoumanian , Paul T. Baker , Bence Becsy , Laura Blecha , Adam Brazier , Paul R. Brook , Sarah Burke-Spolaor , Rand Burnette , Robin Case , Maria Charisi , Shami Chatterjee , Katerina Chatziioannou , Belinda D. Cheeseboro , Siyuan Chen , Tyler Cohen , James M. Cordes , Neil J. Cornish , Fronefield Crawford , H. Thankful Cromartie , Kathryn Crowter , Curt J. Cutler , Megan E. DeCesar , Dallas DeGan , Paul B. Demorest , Heling Deng , Timothy Dolch , Brendan Drachler , Justin A. Ellis , Elizabeth C. Ferrara , William Fiore , Emmanuel Fonseca , Gabriel E. Freedman , Nate Garver-Daniels , Peter A. Gentile , Kyle A. Gersbach , Joseph Glaser , Deborah C. Good , Kayhan Gultekin , Jeffrey S. Hazboun , Sophie Hourihane , Kristina Islo , Ross J. Jennings , Aaron D. Johnson , Megan L. Jones , Andrew R. Kaiser , David L. Kaplan , Luke Zoltan Kelley , Matthew Kerr , Joey S. Key , Tonia C. Klein , Nima Laal , Michael T. Lam , William G. Lamb , T. Joseph W. Lazio , Natalia Lewandowska , Tyson B. Littenberg , Tingting Liu , Andrea Lommen , Duncan R. Lorimer , Jing Luo , Ryan S. Lynch , Chung-Pei Ma , Dustin R. Madison , Margaret A. Mattson , Alexander McEwen , James W. McKee , Maura A. McLaughlin , Natasha McMann , Bradley W. Meyers , Patrick M. Meyers , Chiara M. F. Mingarelli , Andrea Mitridate , Priyamvada Natarajan , Cherry Ng , David J. Nice , Stella Koch Ocker , Ken D. Olum , Timothy T. Pennucci , Benetge B. P. Perera , Polina Petrov , Nihan S. Pol , Henri A. Radovan , Scott M. Ransom , Paul S. Ray , Joseph D. Romano , Shashwat C. Sardesai , Ann Schmiedekamp , Carl Schmiedekamp , Kai Schmitz , Levi Schult , Brent J. Shapiro-Albert , Xavier Siemens , Joseph Simon , Magdalena S. Siwek , Ingrid H. Stairs , Daniel R. Stinebring , Kevin Stovall , Jerry P. Sun , Abhimanyu Susobhanan , Joseph K. Swiggum , Jacob Taylor , Stephen R. Taylor , Jacob E. Turner , Caner Unal , Michele Vallisneri , Rutger van Haasteren , Sarah J. Vigeland , Haley M. Wahl , Qiaohong Wang , Caitlin A. Witt , Olivia Young

The recent announcement of evidence for a stochastic background of gravitational waves (GWB) in pulsar timing array (PTA) data has piqued interest across the scientific community. A combined analysis of all currently available data holds…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-09-01 Serena Valtolina , Rutger van Haasteren

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are searching for nanohertz-frequency gravitational waves (GWs) through cross-correlation of pulse arrival times from a set of radio pulsars. PTAs have relied upon a frequency-shift formula of the pulse, where…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-07-03 Ryousuke Kubo , Kakeru Yamahira , Hideki Asada

Supermassive black hole binaries are one of the primary targets for gravitational wave searches using pulsar timing arrays. Gravitational wave signals from such systems are well represented by parametrized models, allowing the standard…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2016-01-25 Yan Wang , Soumya D. Mohanty , Fredrick A. Jenet

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) have recently entered the detection era, quickly moving beyond the goal of simply improving sensitivity at the lowest frequencies for the sake of observing the stochastic gravitational wave background (GWB), and…

Pulsar timing array (PTA) is expected to detect gravitational wave background (GWB) in the nanohertz band within the next decade. This provides an opportunity to test the gravity theory and cosmology. A typical data analysis method to…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-07-20 Yu Hu , Pan-Pan Wang , Yu-Jie Tan , Cheng-Gang Shao

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are limited in localizing nanohertz continuous gravitational waves (CGWs) by uncertainties in pulsar distances. We introduce a method to infer pulsar distances in two dimensions, using phase information from the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-01-23 Si-Ren Xiao , Ji-Yu Song , Yue Shao , Ling-Feng Wang , Jing-Fei Zhang , Xin Zhang

We explore the potential of Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs) such as NANOGrav, EPTA, and PPTA to detect the Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background (SGWB) in theories of massive gravity. In General Relativity, the function describing the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2021-10-27 Qiuyue Liang , Mark Trodden

Recent years have seen a burgeoning interest in using pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) as gravitational-wave (GW) detectors. To date, that interest has focused mainly on three particularly promising source types: supermassive--black-hole…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2014-02-26 Curt Cutler , Sarah Burke-Spolaor , Michele Vallisneri , Joseph Lazio , Walid Majid

By regularly monitoring the most stable millisecond pulsars over many years, pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are positioned to detect and study correlations in the timing behaviour of those pulsars. Gravitational waves (GWs) from supermassive…

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs), aimed at detecting gravitational waves (GWs) in the $1\sim 100$ nHz range, have recently made significant strides. Compelling evidence has emerged for a common spectrum signal spatially correlated among pulsars,…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-07-31 Yu-Mei Wu , Yan-Chen Bi , Qing-Guo Huang