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Zero-noise extrapolation (ZNE) is an increasingly popular technique for mitigating errors in noisy quantum computations without using additional quantum resources. We review the fundamentals of ZNE and propose several improvements to noise…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-15 Tudor Giurgica-Tiron , Yousef Hindy , Ryan LaRose , Andrea Mari , William J. Zeng

Recent thousand-qubit processors represent a significant hardware advancement, but current limitations prevent effective quantum error correction (QEC), necessitating reliance on quantum error mitigation (QEM) to enhance result fidelity…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-12 Leanghok Hour , Myeongseong Go , Youngsun Han

As an alternative to quantum error correction, quantum error mitigation methods, including Zero-Noise Extrapolation (ZNE), have been proposed to alleviate run-time errors in current noisy quantum devices. In this work, we propose a modified…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-03 Wenbo Shi , Neel Kanth Kundu , Matthew R. McKay , Robert Malaney

Digital zero-noise extrapolation (dZNE) has emerged as a common approach for quantum error mitigation (QEM) due to its conceptual simplicity, accessibility, and resource efficiency. In practice, however, properly applying dZNE to extend the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-21 Ritajit Majumdar , Pedro Rivero , Friederike Metz , Areeq Hasan , Derek S Wang

Quantum error mitigation (QEM) and quantum error correction (QEC) are two research areas that are often considered as distinct entities, and the problem of combining the two approaches in a non-trivial way has only recently started to be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-13 George Umbrarescu , Oscar Higgott , Dan E. Browne

Quantum error mitigation is a crucial technique for suppressing errors especially in noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices, enabling more reliable quantum computation without the overhead of full error correction. Zero-Noise…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-01 Boseon Kim , Wooyeong Song , Kwangil Bae , Wonhyuk Lee , IlKwon Sohn

Near term quantum processors operate in a noise dominated regime, motivating error mitigation techniques that recover accurate expectation values without full fault tolerance. Zero Noise Extrapolation (ZNE) is a widely used but biased error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-17 Debarthi Pal , Yogesh Simmhan

Quantum circuit unoptimization is an algorithm that transforms a quantum circuit into a different circuit that uses more gate operations while maintaining the same unitary transformation. We demonstrate that this method can implement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-26 Elijah Pelofske , Vincent Russo

Quantum Error Mitigation (QEM) presents a promising near-term approach to reduce error when estimating expectation values in quantum computing. Here, we introduce QEM techniques tailored for quantum annealing, using Zero-Noise Extrapolation…

We consider Zero Noise Extrapolation (ZNE) as an error mitigation strategy in quantum metrology. It is shown that noise expansion can be systematically performed over sufficiently short time scales for general Markovian noise models…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-15 Zhuo Zhao , Kok Chuan Tan

Quantum computers in the NISQ era are prone to noise. A range of quantum error mitigation techniques has been proposed to address this issue. Zero-noise extrapolation (ZNE) stands out as a promising one. ZNE involves increasing the noise…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-01 Hrushikesh Patil , Peiyi Li , Ji Liu , Huiyang Zhou

Coping with noise in quantum computation poses significant challenges due to its unpredictable nature and the complexities of accurate modeling. This paper presents noise-adaptive folding, a technique that enhances zero-noise extrapolation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-08 Kathrin F. Koenig , Finn Reinecke , Thomas Wellens

In this work, we migrate the quantum error mitigation technique of Zero-Noise Extrapolation (ZNE) to fault-tolerant quantum computing. We employ ZNE on logically encoded qubits rather than physical qubits. This approach will be useful in a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-05 Misty A. Wahl , Andrea Mari , Nathan Shammah , William J. Zeng , Gokul Subramanian Ravi

Zero-noise extrapolation (ZNE) stands as the most widespread quantum error mitigation technique in order to aim the recovery of noise-free expectation values of observables of interest by means of Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ)…

Quantum volume is a single-number metric which, loosely speaking, reports the number of usable qubits on a quantum computer. While improvements to the underlying hardware are a direct means of increasing quantum volume, the metric is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-19 Ryan LaRose , Andrea Mari , Vincent Russo , Dan Strano , William J. Zeng

As a crossover frontier of physics and mechanics, quantum computing is showing its great potential in computational mechanics. However, quantum hardware noise remains a critical barrier to achieving accurate simulation results due to the…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Zengtao Kuang , Yongchun Xu , Qun Huang , Jie Yang , Chafik El Kihal , Heng Hu

As quantum computing advances towards practical applications, reducing errors remains a crucial frontier for developing near-term devices. Errors in the quantum gates and quantum state readout could result in noisy circuits, which would…

Zero-noise extrapolation (ZNE) mitigates errors in near-term quantum devices by extrapolating measurements obtained at amplified noise levels to estimate noise-free expectation values. In practice, commonly used extrapolation models are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-28 Andriy Miranskyy , Adam Sorrenti , Jasmine Thind , Claude Gravel

The recently developed Projective Quantum Eigensolver (PQE) offers an elegant procedure to evaluate the ground state energies of molecular systems on quantum computers. However, the noise in available quantum hardware can result in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-10 Chinmay Shrikhande , Sonaldeep Halder , Rahul Maitra

Quantum error mitigation aims to reduce errors in quantum systems and improve accuracy. Zero-noise extrapolation (ZNE) is a commonly used method, where noise is amplified, and the target expectation is extrapolated to a noise-free point.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-04 Tian-Ren Jin , Yun-Hao Shi , Zheng-An Wang , Tian-Ming Li , Kai Xu , Heng Fan
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