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The ability to process ultra-long contexts is crucial for large language models (LLMs) to perform long-horizon tasks. While recent efforts have extended context windows to 1M and beyond, model performance degrades when sequence length…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Simin Huo

Extending the context window support of large language models (LLMs) is crucial for tasks with long-distance dependencies. RoPE-based interpolation and extrapolation methods, such as linear scaling and frequency-aware schemes, enable longer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Ye Qiao , Haocheng Xu , Xiaofan Zhang , Sitao Huang

Large language models (LLMs), although having revolutionized many fields, still suffer from the challenging extrapolation problem, where the inference ability of LLMs sharply declines beyond their max training lengths. In this work, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Xin Ma , Yang Liu , Jingjing Liu , Xiaoxu Ma

In-context learning is fundamental to modern Large Language Models (LLMs); however, prevailing architectures impose a rigid and fixed contextual structure by assigning linear or constant positional indices. Drawing on Cognitive Load Theory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Huayang Li , Tianyu Zhao , Deng Cai , Richard Sproat

Although large language models (LLMs) have achieved significant progress in handling long-context inputs, they still suffer from the ``lost-in-the-middle'' problem, where crucial information in the middle of the context is often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Zhenghua Wang , Yiran Ding , Changze Lv , Zhibo Xu , Tianlong Li , Tianyuan Shi , Xiaoqing Zheng , Xuanjing Huang

Modern large language models (LLMs) that rely on attention mechanisms are typically trained with fixed context lengths which enforce upper limits on the length of input sequences that they can handle at evaluation time. To use these models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Arka Pal , Deep Karkhanis , Manley Roberts , Samuel Dooley , Arvind Sundararajan , Siddartha Naidu

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing, but their ability to process long sequences is fundamentally limited by the context window size during training. Existing length extrapolation methods often…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Nitin Vetcha

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has led to a significant increase in automated tools in the software engineering, capable of performing various code-related tasks such as code generation, completion, and translation.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Madhusudan Ghosh , Rishabh Gupta

Position embedding is a core component of current Large Language Models (LLMs). Rotary position embedding (RoPE), a technique that encodes the position information with a rotation matrix, has been the de facto choice for position embedding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Xin Men , Mingyu Xu , Bingning Wang , Qingyu Zhang , Hongyu Lin , Xianpei Han , Weipeng Chen

Given the high computational cost of preference alignment training of large language models (LLMs), exploring efficient methods to reduce the training overhead remains an important and compelling research problem. Motivated by the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Chujie Zheng , Ziqi Wang , Heng Ji , Minlie Huang , Nanyun Peng

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities through pretraining and alignment. However, superior short-context LLMs may underperform in long-context scenarios due to insufficient long-context alignment. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Guanzheng Chen , Xin Li , Michael Qizhe Shieh , Lidong Bing

Large language models (LLMs) experience significant performance degradation when the input exceeds the pretraining context window, primarily due to the out-of-distribution (OOD) behavior of Rotary Position Embedding (RoPE). Recent studies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Sikui Zhang , Guangze Gao , Ziyun Gan , Chunfeng Yuan , Zefeng Lin , Houwen Peng , Bing Li , Weiming Hu

Rotary Position Embeddings (RoPE) have become a standard for encoding sequence order in Large Language Models (LLMs) by applying rotations to query and key vectors in the complex plane. Standard implementations, however, utilize only the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Xiaoran Liu , Yuerong Song , Zhigeng Liu , Zengfeng Huang , Qipeng Guo , Zhaoxiang Liu , Shiguo Lian , Ziwei He , Xipeng Qiu

Built upon the Transformer, large language models (LLMs) have captured worldwide attention due to their remarkable abilities. Nevertheless, all Transformer-based models including LLMs suffer from a preset length limit and can hardly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Liang Zhao , Xiachong Feng , Xiaocheng Feng , Weihong Zhong , Dongliang Xu , Qing Yang , Hongtao Liu , Bing Qin , Ting Liu

Extending the context window of large language models typically requires training on sequences at the target length, incurring quadratic memory and computational costs that make long-context adaptation expensive and difficult to reproduce.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Han Tian , Luxuan Chen , Xinran Chen , Rui Kong , Fang Wang , Jiamin Chen , Jinman Zhao , Yuchen Li , Jiashu Zhao , Shuaiqiang Wang , Haoyi Xiong , Dawei Yin

The long-context capability of the Large Language Models (LLM) has made significant breakthroughs, but the maximum supported context length in length extrapolation remains a critical bottleneck limiting their practical applications. The…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Xiaoran Liu , Ruixiao Li , Qipeng Guo , Zhigeng Liu , Yuerong Song , Kai Lv , Hang Yan , Linlin Li , Qun Liu , Xipeng Qiu

Rotary Position Embedding (RoPE) is an efficient position encoding approach and is widely utilized in numerous large language models (LLMs). Recently, a lot of methods have been put forward to further expand the context window based on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Wenqiao Zhu , Chao Xu , Lulu Wang , Jun Wu

When applied to processing long text, Large Language Models (LLMs) are limited by their context window. Existing efforts to address this limitation involve training specialized architectures, and cannot be easily applied to off-the-shelf…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-02 Nir Ratner , Yoav Levine , Yonatan Belinkov , Ori Ram , Inbal Magar , Omri Abend , Ehud Karpas , Amnon Shashua , Kevin Leyton-Brown , Yoav Shoham

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable capabilities in text understanding and generation. However, their tendency to produce factually inconsistent outputs, commonly referred to as ''hallucinations'', remains a critical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Dingwei Chen , Ziqiang Liu , Feiteng Fang , Chak Tou Leong , Shiwen Ni , Ahmadreza Argha , Hamid Alinejad-Rokny , Min Yang , Chengming Li

Extending context window sizes allows large language models (LLMs) to process longer sequences and handle more complex tasks. Rotary Positional Embedding (RoPE) has become the de facto standard due to its relative positional encoding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Haonan Wang , Qian Liu , Chao Du , Tongyao Zhu , Cunxiao Du , Kenji Kawaguchi , Tianyu Pang