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Multimodal hateful content detection is a challenging task that requires complex reasoning across visual and textual modalities. Therefore, creating a meaningful multimodal representation that effectively captures the interplay between…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-16 Eftekhar Hossain , Omar Sharif , Mohammed Moshiul Hoque , Sarah M. Preum

Hate speech, offensive language, aggression, racism, sexism, and other abusive language are common phenomena in social media. There is a need for Artificial Intelligence(AI)based intervention which can filter hate content at scale. Most…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Prashant Kapil , Asif Ekbal

Distributed language representation has become the most widely used technique for language representation in various natural language processing tasks. Most of the natural language processing models that are based on deep learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-11 Martina Toshevska , Frosina Stojanovska , Jovan Kalajdjieski

Simile interpretation is a crucial task in natural language processing. Nowadays, pre-trained language models (PLMs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance on many tasks. However, it remains under-explored whether PLMs can interpret…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-17 Qianyu He , Sijie Cheng , Zhixu Li , Rui Xie , Yanghua Xiao

This paper proposes an automatic speech recognition (ASR) model for hate speech using large language models (LLMs). The proposed method integrates the encoder of the ASR model with the decoder of the LLMs, enabling simultaneous…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-09 Ryutaro Oshima , Yuya Hosoda , Youji Iiguni

In this work, we study how to best utilize pre-trained LLMs for automatic speech recognition. Specifically, we compare the tight integration of an acoustic model (AM) with the LLM ("speech LLM") to the traditional way of combining AM and…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-17 Robin Schmitt , Albert Zeyer , Mohammad Zeineldeen , Ralf Schlüter , Hermann Ney

Automatic counterspeech generation methods have been developed to assist efforts in combating hate speech. Existing research focuses on generating counterspeech with linguistic attributes such as being polite, informative, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Lingzi Hong , Pengcheng Luo , Eduardo Blanco , Xiaoying Song

Word embeddings are a fixed, distributional representation of the context of words in a corpus learned from word co-occurrences. Despite their proven utility in machine learning tasks, word embedding models may capture uneven semantic and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-07 James Powell , Kari Sentz , Martin Klein

Text embedding has become a foundational technology in natural language processing (NLP) during the deep learning era, driving advancements across a wide array of downstream tasks. While many natural language understanding challenges can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Zhijie Nie , Zhangchi Feng , Mingxin Li , Cunwang Zhang , Yanzhao Zhang , Dingkun Long , Richong Zhang

The goal of hate speech detection is to filter negative online content aiming at certain groups of people. Due to the easy accessibility of social media platforms it is crucial to protect everyone which requires building hate speech…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Irina Bigoulaeva , Viktor Hangya , Iryna Gurevych , Alexander Fraser

The proliferation of hate speech on Chinese social media poses urgent societal risks, yet traditional systems struggle to decode context-dependent rhetorical strategies and evolving slang. To bridge this gap, we propose a novel three-stage…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Binglin Wu , Jiaxiu Zou , Xianneng Li

Automatic hate speech detection using deep neural models is hampered by the scarcity of labeled datasets, leading to poor generalization. To mitigate this problem, generative AI has been utilized to generate large amounts of synthetic hate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Sagi Pendzel , Tomer Wullach , Amir Adler , Einat Minkov

Hate speech is one of the main threats posed by the widespread use of social networks, despite efforts to limit it. Although attention has been devoted to this issue, the lack of datasets and case studies centered around scarcely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Camilla Casula , Sara Tonelli

Large Language Models (LLMs) have raised increasing concerns about their misuse in generating hate speech. Among all the efforts to address this issue, hate speech detectors play a crucial role. However, the effectiveness of different…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Xinyue Shen , Yixin Wu , Yiting Qu , Michael Backes , Savvas Zannettou , Yang Zhang

Hate speech detection has been the subject of high research attention, due to the scale of content created on social media. In spite of the attention and the sensitive nature of the task, privacy preservation in hate speech detection has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Jay Gala , Deep Gandhi , Jash Mehta , Zeerak Talat

The proliferation of social media platforms has led to an increase in the spread of hate speech, particularly targeting vulnerable communities. Unfortunately, existing methods for automatically identifying and blocking toxic language rely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Shiza Ali , Jeremy Blackburn , Gianluca Stringhini

General purpose language models (LMs) encounter difficulties when processing domain-specific jargon and terminology, which are frequently utilized in specialized fields such as medicine or industrial settings. Moreover, they often find it…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Daniel Eitan , Menachem Pirchi , Neta Glazer , Shai Meital , Gil Ayach , Gidon Krendel , Aviv Shamsian , Aviv Navon , Gil Hetz , Joseph Keshet

In recent years, machine learning has been widely adopted to automate the audio mixing process. Automatic mixing systems have been applied to various audio effects such as gain-adjustment, equalization, and reverberation. These systems can…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Satvik Venkatesh , David Moffat , Eduardo Reck Miranda

Post-training alignment has increasingly become a crucial factor in enhancing the usability of language models (LMs). However, the strength of alignment varies depending on individual preferences. This paper proposes a method to incorporate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Wenhong Zhu , Weinan Zhang , Rui Wang

Hate speech detection is a critical, yet challenging problem in Natural Language Processing (NLP). Despite the existence of numerous studies dedicated to the development of NLP hate speech detection approaches, the accuracy is still poor.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-17 Jing Qian , Mai ElSherief , Elizabeth M. Belding , William Yang Wang