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Confusion and disagreement around the notion of time is due to the fact that we often fail to recognize that we call 'time' a variety of distinct notions, only partially related to one another. Many apparently obvious properties of time are…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-05-18 Carlo Rovelli

A particular science is not only defined by its object of study, but also by the point of view and method under which it considers that same object. Taking space and time as an illustrative example, our main aim here is to bring out an…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2012-05-09 Mauricio Mondragon , Luis Lopez

We discuss the distinction between the notion of partial observable and the notion of complete observable. Mixing up the two is frequently a source of confusion. The distinction bears on several issues related to observability, such as (i)…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Carlo Rovelli

Although it's widely believed that gravity should have a quantum nature like every other force, the conceptual obstacles to constructing a quantum theory of gravity compel us to explore other perspectives. Gravity is not like any other…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-07-30 Jonathan Oppenheim

The perspective is advanced that the time parameter in quantum mechanics corresponds to the time coordinate in a Minkowski flat spacetime local approximation to the actual dynamical curved spacetime of General Relativity, rather than to an…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-05-27 Mariano Bauer , Cesar Augusto Aguillon , Gustavo Garcia

The aim of this work is to review the concepts of time in quantum mechanics and general relativity to show their incompatibility. We show that the absolute character of Newtonian time is present in quantum mechanics and also partially in…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Alfredo Macias , Hernando Quevedo

Experience of time is one of the primordial human experiences which is deeply tied to human consciousness. But despite this intimate relation of time with human conscious experience, time has proved to be very elusive. Particularly in…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2017-06-16 Rukhsan Ul Haq , Shalini Harkar

The problem of time in quantum gravity occurs because `time' is taken to have a different meaning in each of general relativity and ordinary quantum theory. This incompatibility creates serious problems with trying to replace these two…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2012-07-23 Edward Anderson

In this review we present the problem of time in quantum physics, including a short history of the problem and the known objections about considering time a quantum observable. The need to deal with time as an observable is elaborated…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-13 M. Basil Altaie , Daniel Hodgson , Almut Beige

General relativity is a background-independent theory of a dynamical classical spacetime geometry. Quantum theory is formulated in a classical spacetime, as an intrinsically probabilistic, contextual theory of non-classical, interfering…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-04-22 Tristan Hübsch , Djordje Minic

We consider defining time as a function of a cyclical field, an abstraction of a clock. The definition of time corresponds to a novel interpretation of the relationship between space-time coordinates of observers at different locations in…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-09-29 Yaneer Bar-Yam

In order to obtain a well defined quantum gravity we define the spacetime in relation to the "phenomenology" of the physical interactions; however we shall to speculate with this "in General". Besides, we comment the reasons that give to…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Marcelo Botta Cantcheff

We provide here a philosophical basis for [arXiv:2012.03994, arXiv:2107.06693] based on the notion of spacetime relationalism. We argue that the view which is more cleanly compatible with GR is that in which the spacetime manifold is a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-09-21 Alejandro Ascárate

Several physical concepts, including the concept of time, are clarified herein by taking into account existing experimental data. In addition, the missing links among these physical concepts are established. This allows us to take another…

General Physics · Physics 2022-10-04 Robert Sadykov

This is a contribution to a book on quantum gravity and philosophy. I discuss nature and origin of the problem of quantum gravity. I examine the knowledge that may guide us in addressing this problem, and the reliability of such knowledge.…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Carlo Rovelli

We investigate three aspects of the supposed problem of time: The disagreement between the treatments of time in general relativity and quantum theory, the problem of recovering time from within an isolated Universe and the prevalence of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-11-27 K. L. H. Bryan , A. J. M. Medved

In this essay we describe a platonic metaphysics where time is a fundamental idea such that the passage of time is independent of observers and the laws of physics. Furthermore, time serves to distinguish between a real and an abstract…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2009-03-17 A. Mikovic

Quantum gravity (or quantum spacetime) is to unify general relativity and quantum mechanics into a single theoretical framework and presented as the most important open puzzle in fundamental physics. The development of a microscopic theory…

General Physics · Physics 2025-10-24 Su-Peng Kou

The conflict between quantum theory and the theory of relativity is exemplified in their treatment of time. We examine the ways in which their conceptions differ, and describe a semiclassical clock model combining elements of both theories.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-01-23 Maximilian P. E. Lock , Ivette Fuentes

Eternalism, the view that what we regard locally as being located in the past, the present and the future equally exists, is the best ontological account of temporal existence in line with special and general relativity. However, special…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2020-05-20 Baptiste Le Bihan