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Open-source software (OSS) licenses dictate the conditions which should be followed to reuse, distribute, and modify the software. Apart from widely-used licenses such as the MIT License, developers are also allowed to customize their own…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-04-25 Sihan Xu , Ya Gao , Lingling Fan , Zheli Liu , Yang Liu , Hua Ji

Open-source licenses establish the legal foundation for software reuse, yet license variants, including both modified standard licenses and custom-created alternatives, introduce significant compliance complexities. Despite their prevalence…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Weiwei Xu , Hengzhi Ye , Kai Gao , Minghui Zhou

The proliferation of open source software (OSS) and different types of reuse has made it incredibly difficult to perform an essential legal and compliance task of accurate license identification within the software supply chain. This study…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Mahmoud Jahanshahi , David Reid , Adam McDaniel , Audris Mockus

The widespread adoption of open source libraries and frameworks can be attributed to their licensing. Open Source Software Licenses (OSS licenses) ensure that software can be sold or distributed as part of aggregate programs from various…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Raula Gaikovina Kula , Brittany Anne Reid , Christoph Treude

Integrating third-party software components is a common practice in modern software development, offering significant advantages in terms of efficiency and innovation. However, this practice is fraught with risks related to software…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Boyuan Li , Chengwei Liu , Lingling Fan , Sen Chen , Zhenlin Zhang , Zheli Liu

Open source licenses create a legal framework that plays a crucial role in the widespread adoption of open source projects. Without a license, any source code available on the internet could not be openly (re)distributed. Although recent…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-12-10 João Pedro Moraes , Ivanilton Polato , Igor Wiese , Filipe Saraiva , Gustavo Pinto

Most modern software products incorporate open source components, which requires compliance with each component's licenses. As noncompliance can lead to significant repercussions, organizations often seek advice from legal practitioners to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Nathan Wintersgill , Trevor Stalnaker , Laura A. Heymann , Oscar Chaparro , Denys Poshyvanyk

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into software systems, giving rise to a new class of systems referred to as LLMware. Beyond traditional source-code components, LLMware embeds or interacts with LLMs that depend on…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Bo Wang , Yueyang Chen , Jieke Shi , Minghui Li , Yunbo Lyu , Yinan Wu , Youfang Lin , Zhou Yang

Open source software brings benefit to software community, but also introduces legal risks caused by license violations, which result in serious consequences such as lawsuits and financial losses. To mitigate legal risks, some approaches…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Kaifeng Huang , Yingfeng Xia , Bihuan Chen , Zhuotong Zhou , Jin Guo , Xin Peng

The reuse and distribution of open-source software must be in compliance with its accompanying open-source license. In modern packaging ecosystems, maintaining such compliance is challenging because a package may have a complex…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-14 Weiwei Xu , Hao He , Kai Gao , Minghui Zhou

Developers usually select different open source licenses to restrain the conditions of using open source software, in order to protect intellectual property rights effectively and maintain the long-term development of the software. However,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-09-03 Xin Wu , Jian-Yu Wu , Ming-Hui Zhou , Zhi-Qiang Wang , Li-Yun Yang

Most modern software products incorporate open-source components, requiring development teams to maintain compliance with each component's licenses. Noncompliance can have significant financial, legal, and reputational repercussions.…

Free and open source software is widely used in the creation of software systems, whereas many organisations choose to provide their systems as open source. Open source software carries licenses that determine the conditions under which the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-10-04 Maria Papoutsoglou , Georgia M. Kapitsaki , Daniel German , Lefteris Angelis

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized code generation, leading to widespread adoption of AI coding tools by developers. However, LLMs can generate license-protected code without providing the necessary license…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Weiwei Xu , Kai Gao , Hao He , Minghui Zhou

Open-source software (OSS) is widely reused as it provides convenience and efficiency in software development. Despite evident benefits, unmanaged OSS components can introduce threats, such as vulnerability propagation and license…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-02-12 Seunghoon Woo , Sunghan Park , Seulbae Kim , Heejo Lee , Hakjoo Oh

Re-using open-source software (OSS) can avoid reinventing the wheel, but failing to keep it up-to-date can lead to missing new features and persistent bugs or vulnerabilities that have already been resolved. The use of outdated OSS…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Rui Lu , Lyuye Zhang , Kaixuan Li , Min Zhang , Yixiang Chen

Software development is a complex process that includes many different tasks besides just writing code. One of the aspects of software engineering is selecting and managing licenses for the given project. In this paper, we present Sorrel -…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-07-29 Dmitry Pogrebnoy , Ivan Kuznetsov , Yaroslav Golubev , Vladislav Tankov , Timofey Bryksin

With an ever-increasing amount of open source software, the popularity of services like GitHub that facilitate code reuse, and common misconceptions about the licensing of open source software, the problem of license violations in the code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-07-07 Yaroslav Golubev , Maria Eliseeva , Nikita Povarov , Timofey Bryksin

Context: When software is released publicly, it is common to include with it either the full text of the license or licenses under which it is published, or a detailed reference to them. Therefore public licenses, including FOSS (free, open…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-23 Jesús M. González-Barahona , Sergio Montes-Leon , Gregorio Robles , Stefano Zacchiroli

We introduce a large-scale dataset of the complete texts of free/open source software (FOSS) license variants. To assemble it we have collected from the Software Heritage archive-the largest publicly available archive of FOSS source code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-04-04 Stefano Zacchiroli
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