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We present a new perspective on online learning that we refer to as gradient equilibrium: a sequence of iterates achieves gradient equilibrium if the average of gradients of losses along the sequence converges to zero. In general, this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Anastasios N. Angelopoulos , Michael I. Jordan , Ryan J. Tibshirani

Offline preference-based reinforcement learning (RL), which focuses on optimizing policies using human preferences between pairs of trajectory segments selected from an offline dataset, has emerged as a practical avenue for RL applications.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Chen-Xiao Gao , Shengjun Fang , Chenjun Xiao , Yang Yu , Zongzhang Zhang

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) enables agents to learn policies from fixed datasets, avoiding costly or unsafe environment interactions. However, its effectiveness is often limited by dataset sparsity and the lack of transition overlap…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Lu Guo , Yixiang Shan , Zhengbang Zhu , Qifan Liang , Lichang Song , Ting Long , Weinan Zhang , Yi Chang

Classically, the time complexity of a first-order method is estimated by its number of gradient computations. In this paper, we study a more refined complexity by taking into account the `lingering' of gradients: once a gradient is computed…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-05-29 Zeyuan Allen-Zhu , David Simchi-Levi , Xinshang Wang

Online Learning to Rank (OLTR) methods optimize rankers based on user interactions. State-of-the-art OLTR methods are built specifically for linear models. Their approaches do not extend well to non-linear models such as neural networks. We…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-09-25 Harrie Oosterhuis , Maarten de Rijke

This paper discusses theoretical and experimental aspects of gradient-based approaches to the direct optimization of policy performance in controlled POMDPs. We introduce GPOMDP, a REINFORCE-like algorithm for estimating an approximation to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Jonathan Baxter , Peter L. Bartlett

Visually sorted grid layouts provide an efficient method for organizing high-dimensional vectors in two-dimensional space by aligning spatial proximity with similarity relationships. This approach facilitates the effective sorting of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Kai Uwe Barthel , Florian Tim Barthel , Peter Eisert , Nico Hezel , Konstantin Schall

Recent data-privacy laws have sparked interest in machine unlearning, which involves removing the effect of specific training samples from a learnt model as if they were never present in the original training dataset. The challenge of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-08 Tuan Hoang , Santu Rana , Sunil Gupta , Svetha Venkatesh

Pairwise learning, an important domain within machine learning, addresses loss functions defined on pairs of training examples, including those in metric learning and AUC maximization. Acknowledging the quadratic growth in computation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Hilal AlQuabeh , William de Vazelhes , Bin Gu

Stochastic Gradient (SG) is the defacto iterative technique to solve stochastic optimization (SO) problems with a smooth (non-convex) objective $f$ and a stochastic first-order oracle. SG's attractiveness is due in part to its simplicity of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-03-08 David Newton , Raghu Bollapragada , Raghu Pasupathy , Nung Kwan Yip

Off-policy learning refers to the problem of learning the value function of a way of behaving, or policy, while following a different policy. Gradient-based off-policy learning algorithms, such as GTD and TDC/GQ, converge even when using…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-12-15 Lucas Lehnert , Doina Precup

Stochastic gradient algorithms are the main focus of large-scale optimization problems and led to important successes in the recent advancement of the deep learning algorithms. The convergence of SGD depends on the careful choice of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-03-03 Caglar Gulcehre , Jose Sotelo , Marcin Moczulski , Yoshua Bengio

Offline reinforcement learning (offline RL), which aims to find an optimal policy from a previously collected static dataset, bears algorithmic difficulties due to function approximation errors from out-of-distribution (OOD) data points. To…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-06 Gaon An , Seungyong Moon , Jang-Hyun Kim , Hyun Oh Song

We propose a general method called truncated gradient to induce sparsity in the weights of online learning algorithms with convex loss functions. This method has several essential properties: The degree of sparsity is continuous -- a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2008-07-04 John Langford , Lihong Li , Tong Zhang

Hybrid RL is the setting where an RL agent has access to both offline data and online data by interacting with the real-world environment. In this work, we propose a new hybrid RL algorithm that combines an on-policy actor-critic method…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Yifei Zhou , Ayush Sekhari , Yuda Song , Wen Sun

Policy gradient (PG) methods are a class of effective reinforcement learning algorithms, particularly when dealing with continuous control problems. They rely on fresh on-policy data, making them sample-inefficient and requiring…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Alessandro Montenegro , Federico Mansutti , Marco Mussi , Matteo Papini , Alberto Maria Metelli

In distributed training of deep neural networks, people usually run Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) or its variants on each machine and communicate with other machines periodically. However, SGD might converge slowly in training some deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Mingrui Liu , Zhenxun Zhuang , Yunwei Lei , Chunyang Liao

In offline data-driven multi-objective optimization (MOO), optimization is performed using surrogate models trained only on an offline dataset. These surrogate models contain inherent errors and uncertainty. This epistemic uncertainty can…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Huanbo Lyu , Miqing Li , Shiqiao Zhou , Daniel Herring , Jelena Ninic , Zheming Zuo , Lingfeng Wang , James Andrews , Fabian Spill , Shuo Wang

We study unconstrained Online Linear Optimization with Lipschitz losses. Motivated by the pursuit of instance optimality, we propose a new algorithm that simultaneously achieves ($i$) the AdaGrad-style second order gradient adaptivity; and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Zhiyu Zhang , Heng Yang , Ashok Cutkosky , Ioannis Ch. Paschalidis

Safe Reinforcement Learning (RL) aims to find a policy that achieves high rewards while satisfying cost constraints. When learning from scratch, safe RL agents tend to be overly conservative, which impedes exploration and restrains the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Jinning Li , Xinyi Liu , Banghua Zhu , Jiantao Jiao , Masayoshi Tomizuka , Chen Tang , Wei Zhan
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