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Context: Observation of star occultations is a powerful tool to determine shapes and sizes of asteroids. This is key information necessary for studying the evolution of the asteroid belt and to calibrate indirect methods of size…
Hallucination, the generation of factually incorrect information, remains a significant challenge for large language models (LLMs), especially in open-domain long-form generation. Existing approaches for detecting hallucination in long-form…
Motivated by efforts to return humanity to the Moon, three cases are reviewed for X-ray astronomy from the lunar surface: (1) Facilitation of ambitious engineering designs including high throughput telescopes, long focal length optics and…
Using the Pantheon data set of Type Ia supernovae, a recent publication (R20 in this work) reports a $~2\sigma$ detection of oscillations in the expansion history of the universe. Applying the R20 methodology to simulated Pantheon data, we…
Instabilities and turbulence extending to the smallest dynamical scales play important roles in the deposition of energy and momentum by gravity waves throughout the atmosphere. However, these dynamics and their effects have been impossible…
The problem of measuring an unbounded system attribute near a singularity has been discussed. Lenses have been introduced as formal objects to study increasingly precise measurements around the singularity and a specific family of lenses…
NASA's return to the Moon presents unparalleled opportunities to advance high-impact scientific capabilities. At the cutting edge of these possibilities are extremely high-resolution interferometric observations at visible and ultraviolet…
Alignment is a standard procedure to fine-tune pre-trained large language models (LLMs) to follow natural language instructions and serve as helpful AI assistants. We have observed, however, that the conventional alignment process fails to…
The expansion of the universe may be observed in ``realtime'' by measuring changes in the patterns of the anisotropy in the CMB. As the universe ages, the surface of decoupling--or the CMB photosphere--moves away from us and samples a…
This paper identifies and confirms a perceptual phenomenon: when users interact with simulated objects in a virtual environment where the users' scale deviates greatly from normal, there is a mismatch between the object physics they…
Hallucination is a common issue in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), yet the underlying principles remain poorly understood. In this paper, we investigate which components of MLLMs contribute to object hallucinations. To analyze…
The concept of illumination bodies studied in convex geometry is used to amend the halfspace depth for multivariate data. The proposed notion of illumination enables finer resolution of the sample points, naturally breaks ties in the…
We analyse the three-dimensional structure and kinematics of two samples of young stars in the Galactic disc, containing respectively young giants ($\sim$17$\, $000 stars out to heliocentric distances of $\sim$7 kpc) and classical Cepheids…
PILOT (the Pathfinder for an International Large Optical Telescope) is a proposed 2.5 m optical/infrared telescope to be located at Dome C on the Antarctic plateau. The atmospheric conditions at Dome C deliver a high sensitivity, high…
This paper demonstrates that face-like structures are everywhere, and can be de-tected automatically even with computers. Huge amount of satellite images of the Earth, the Moon, the Mars are explored and many interesting face-like structure…
One of hot topics in the last years is a systematic discrepancy in the determination of Hubble parameter by various methods. Namely, the values derived "directly" from the distance scale based on Cepheids and supernovae--and referring to…
We consider the cosmological horizons in the expanding universe from the point of view of observer moving with respect to CMB frame. The deformation (non-sphericity) of cosmological horizons is demonstrated. Some principle consequences are…
We study a fundamental issue in cosmology: Whether we can rely on a cosmological model to understand the real history of the Universe. This fundamental, still unresolved issue is often called the ``model-fitting problem (or averaging…
The significance to which the cosmic microwave background observations by the satellite COBE can be used to refute a specific observationally based hypothesis for the global topology (3-manifold) of the Universe is investigated, by a new…
We extend a newly developed formal system for the description of astrophysical maps. In this formalism, we consider the difference between maps to be the distance between elements of a pseudometric space (the space of all such maps). This…