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Weight decay is ubiquitous in training deep neural network architectures. Its empirical success is often attributed to capacity control; nonetheless, our theoretical understanding of its effect on the loss landscape and the set of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-31 Anil Kamber , Rahul Parhi

It is important to understand how the popular regularization method dropout helps the neural network training find a good generalization solution. In this work, we show that the training with dropout finds the neural network with a flatter…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Zhongwang Zhang , Hanxu Zhou , Zhi-Qin John Xu

Classical analyses of gradient descent (GD) define a stability threshold based on the largest eigenvalue of the loss Hessian, often termed sharpness. When the learning rate lies below this threshold, training is stable and the loss…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Lawrence Wang , Stephen J. Roberts

We consider whether algorithmic choices in over-parameterized linear matrix factorization introduce implicit regularization. We focus on noiseless matrix sensing over rank-$r$ positive semi-definite (PSD) matrices in $\mathbb{R}^{n \times…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-09-16 Kelly Geyer , Anastasios Kyrillidis , Amir Kalev

Neural networks that land in flat regions of the loss landscape tend to generalise better than those in sharp regions. Sharpness-Aware Minimisation exploits this to improve generalisation. But function-preserving reparameterisation can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Michael Timothy Bennett

Modern machine learning models are often trained in a setting where the number of parameters exceeds the number of training samples. To understand the implicit bias of gradient descent in such overparameterized models, prior work has…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-29 Hannes Matt , Dominik Stöger

Traditional analyses of gradient descent optimization show that, when the largest eigenvalue of the loss Hessian - often referred to as the sharpness - is below a critical learning-rate threshold, then training is 'stable' and training loss…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Lawrence Wang , Stephen J. Roberts

The performance of deep neural networks is often attributed to their automated, task-related feature construction. It remains an open question, though, why this leads to solutions with good generalization, even in cases where the number of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-03 Henning Petzka , Linara Adilova , Michael Kamp , Cristian Sminchisescu

We study the implicit regularization effects of deep learning in tensor factorization. While implicit regularization in deep matrix and 'shallow' tensor factorization via linear and certain type of non-linear neural networks promotes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-27 Kais Hariz , Hachem Kadri , Stéphane Ayache , Maher Moakher , Thierry Artières

We consider networks, trained via stochastic gradient descent to minimize $\ell_2$ loss, with the training labels perturbed by independent noise at each iteration. We characterize the behavior of the training dynamics near any parameter…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-23 Guy Blanc , Neha Gupta , Gregory Valiant , Paul Valiant

It has been empirically observed that the flatness of minima obtained from training deep networks seems to correlate with better generalization. However, for deep networks with positively homogeneous activations, most measures of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-02-08 Akshay Rangamani , Nam H. Nguyen , Abhishek Kumar , Dzung Phan , Sang H. Chin , Trac D. Tran

Recent studies showed that the generalization of neural networks is correlated with the sharpness of the loss landscape, and flat minima suggests a better generalization ability than sharp minima. In this paper, we propose a novel method…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Yuyan Zhou , Ye Li , Lei Feng , Sheng-Jun Huang

We present a new approach to understanding the relationship between loss curvature and input-output model behaviour in deep learning. Specifically, we use existing empirical analyses of the spectrum of deep network loss Hessians to ground…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-28 Lachlan Ewen MacDonald , Jack Valmadre , Simon Lucey

In an attempt to better understand generalization in deep learning, we study several possible explanations. We show that implicit regularization induced by the optimization method is playing a key role in generalization and success of deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-09-11 Behnam Neyshabur

Probabilistic Circuits (PCs) are a class of generative models that allow exact and tractable inference for a wide range of queries. While recent developments have enabled the learning of deep and expressive PCs, this increased capacity can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Hrithik Suresh , Sahil Sidheekh , Vishnu Shreeram M. P , Sriraam Natarajan , Narayanan C. Krishnan

We provide a rigorous analysis of implicit regularization in an overparametrized tensor factorization problem beyond the lazy training regime. For matrix factorization problems, this phenomenon has been studied in a number of works. A…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Santhosh Karnik , Anna Veselovska , Mark Iwen , Felix Krahmer

Flatness measures based on the spectrum or the trace of the Hessian of the loss are widely used as proxies for the generalization ability of deep networks. However, most existing definitions are either tailored to fully connected…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Rahman Taleghani , Maryam Mohammadi , Francesco Marchetti

Deep (neural) networks have been applied productively in a wide range of supervised and unsupervised learning tasks. Unlike classical machine learning algorithms, deep networks typically operate in the \emph{overparameterized} regime, where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-14 Daniel LeJeune , Randall Balestriero , Hamid Javadi , Richard G. Baraniuk

Trace norm regularization is a widely used approach for learning low rank matrices. A standard optimization strategy is based on formulating the problem as one of low rank matrix factorization which, however, leads to a non-convex problem.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-08-01 Carlo Ciliberto , Dimitris Stamos , Massimiliano Pontil

Gradient descent for matrix factorization exhibits an implicit bias toward approximately low-rank solutions. While existing theories often assume the boundedness of iterates, empirically the bias persists even with unbounded sequences. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Yikun Hou , Suvrit Sra , Alp Yurtsever