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Related papers: Practical approaches to analyzing PTA data: Cosmic…

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Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTA) around the world are using the incredible consistency of millisecond pulsars to measure low frequency gravitational waves from (super)Massive Black Hole (MBH) binaries. We use comprehensive MBH merger models based…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2017-09-06 Luke Zoltan Kelley , Laura Blecha , Lars Hernquist , Alberto Sesana , Stephen R. Taylor

One of the most promising targets for Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs) is identifying an individual supermassive black hole binary (SMBHB) out of the population of binaries theorized to produce a gravitational wave background (GWB). In this…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2026-04-21 Levi Schult , Polina Petrov , Stephen R. Taylor , Nihan Pol , Nima Laal , Maria Charisi , Chung-Pei Ma

Recent pulsar timing array results, including the NANOGrav 15-year data set, show evidence for a stochastic gravitational-wave background (GWB) in the nanohertz band. We present a Bayesian framework to compare three possible origins: (i) a…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-28 Mengshen Wang , Zuocheng Zhang , Hua Xu

Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) observations hinted towards the existence of a stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) in the nHz frequency band. Still, the nature of the SGWB signal cannot be confidently inferred from current data, and…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-04-04 Stanislav Babak , Mikel Falxa , Gabriele Franciolini , Mauro Pieroni

We present the results of the search for an isotropic stochastic gravitational wave background (GWB) at nanohertz frequencies using the second data release of the European Pulsar Timing Array (EPTA) for 25 millisecond pulsars and a…

As one of the primary detection targets for contemporary gravitational wave (GW) observatories, the stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) holds significant potential for enhancing our understanding of the early universe's…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-10-15 Jin Li , Meijin Li , Nan Yang , Li Wang , Hao Yu , Yingzhou Huang , Kai Lin , Zi-Chao Lin , Fangyu Li

Supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs) are expected to emit continuous gravitational waves in the pulsar timing array (PTA) frequency band ($10^{-9}$--$10^{-7}$ Hz). The development of data analysis techniques aimed at efficient…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-04 Justin Ellis , Xavier Siemens , Jolien Creighton

We compute the expected strain power spectrum and energy density parameter of the stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) created by a network of long cosmic strings evolving during the whole cosmic history. As opposed to other…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2022-10-05 Disrael Camargo Neves da Cunha , Christophe Ringeval , François R. Bouchet

Recently, several pulsar timing array (PTA) projects have detected evidence of the existence of a stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) in the nanohertz frequency band, providing confidence in detecting individual supermassive…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-03-25 Si-Ren Xiao , Yue Shao , Ling-Feng Wang , Ji-Yu Song , Lu Feng , Jing-Fei Zhang , Xin Zhang

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are anticipated to detect the stochastic gravitational wave background (GWB) from supermassive binary black holes (BBHs) as well as the gravitational waves from individual BBHs. Recently, a common process signal…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-06-21 Yunfeng Chen , Qingjuan Yu , Youjun Lu

Supermassive black hole -- host galaxy relations are key to the computation of the expected gravitational wave background (GWB) in the pulsar timing array (PTA) frequency band. It has been recently pointed out that standard relations…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2016-09-07 A. Sesana , F. Shankar , M. Bernardi , R. K. Sheth

While pulsar timing array (PTA) collaborations have reported evidence for a stochastic gravitational wave background (GWB), the detection of continuous gravitational waves (GWs) from a confirmed supermassive black hole binary (SMBHB) would…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-10-13 Li-Wen Tian , Yan-Chen Bi , Yu-Mei Wu , Qing-Guo Huang

The recent detection of nanohertz stochastic gravitational-wave backgrounds (SGWBs) by pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) promises unique insights into astrophysical and cosmological origins. However, traditional Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC)…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-06-12 Junrong Lai , Changhong Li

We use the Horizon-AGN cosmological simulation to study the properties of supermassive black hole binaries (MBHBs) contributing most to the gravitational wave background (GWB) signal expected in the pulsar timing array (PTA) band. We…

In this study, we investigate the scenario in which the stochastic signal arises from primordial gravitational waves. Within this framework, we consider two distinct possibilities: one in which the pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) signal…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-03-24 Jun Li , Guanghai Guo , Pengfei Yan

Cosmic strings play a crucial role in enhancing our understanding of the fundamental structure and evolution of the universe, unifying our knowledge of cosmology, and potentially unveiling new physical laws and phenomena. The advent and…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-03-07 Xianghe Ma , Borui Wang , Nan Yang , Jin Li , Brendan McCane , Mengfei Sun , Jie Wu , Minghui Zhang , Yan Meng

Massive black hole binary systems, with masses in the range ~10^4-10^10 \msun, are among the primary sources of gravitational waves in the frequency window ~10^-9 Hz - 0.1 Hz. Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs) and the Laser Interferometer Space…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 Alberto Sesana , Alberto Vecchio , Carlo Nicola Colacino

We discuss the interpretation of the detected signal by Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) observations as a gravitational wave background (GWB) of cosmological origin. We combine NANOGrav 15-years and EPTA-DR2new data sets and confront them against…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-04-29 Daniel G. Figueroa , Mauro Pieroni , Angelo Ricciardone , Peera Simakachorn

Recently, the NANOGrav, PPTA, EPTA, and CPTA collaborations independently reported their evidence of the Stochastic Gravitational Waves Background (SGWB). While the inferred gravitational-wave background amplitude and spectrum are…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-12-21 Yi-Fu Cai , Xin-Chen He , Xiao-Han Ma , Sheng-Feng Yan , Guan-Wen Yuan

Recent detection of nHz stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) by multiple pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) has stimulated intensive discussions about its physical origin. In principle, either supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs)…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-02-10 Xiao Xue , Zhen Pan , Liang Dai