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We prove several hardness results on folding origami crease patterns. Flat-folding finite crease patterns is fixed-parameter tractable in the ply of the folded pattern (how many layers overlap at any point) and the treewidth of an…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2026-01-21 David Eppstein

A foundational result in origami mathematics is Kawasaki and Justin's simple, efficient characterization of flat foldability for unassigned single-vertex crease patterns (where each crease can fold mountain or valley) on flat material. This…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2022-04-11 Lily Chung , Erik D. Demaine , Dylan Hendrickson , Victor Luo

When can a plane graph with prescribed edge lengths and prescribed angles (from among $\{0,180^\circ, 360^\circ$\}) be folded flat to lie in an infinitesimally thin line, without crossings? This problem generalizes the classic theory of…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2018-03-20 Zachary Abel , Erik D. Demaine , Martin L. Demaine , David Eppstein , Anna Lubiw , Ryuhei Uehara

We survey results on the foldability of flat origami models. The main topics are the question of when a given crease pattern can fold flat, the combinatorics of mountain and valley creases, and counting how many ways a given crease pattern…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2013-07-04 Thomas C. Hull

In this paper, we study how to fold a specified origami crease pattern in order to minimize the impact of paper thickness. Specifically, origami designs are often expressed by a mountain-valley pattern (plane graph of creases with relative…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-03-22 Erik D. Demaine , David Eppstein , Adam Hesterberg , Hiro Ito , Anna Lubiw , Ryuhei Uehara , Yushi Uno

Flat-foldability problem of origami is the problem to determine whether a given crease pattern drawn on a piece of paper is possible to fold without any penetration or intrusion of a polygon into any connections among them. It is known from…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2025-06-17 Chihiro Nakajima

Origami, where two-dimensional sheets are folded into complex structures, is proving to be rich with combinatorial and geometric structure, most of which remains to be fully understood. In this paper we consider \emph{flat origami}, where…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-10-04 Alvin Chiu , William Hoganson , Thomas C. Hull , Sylvia Wu

We develop a theory of random flat-foldable origami. Given a crease pattern, we consider a uniformly random assignment of mountain and valley creases, conditioned on the assignment being flat-foldable at each vertex. A natural method to…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-02-07 Thomas C. Hull , Marcus Michelen , Corrine Yap

"Flat origami" refers to the folding of flat, zero-curvature paper such that the finished object lies in a plane. Mathematically, flat origami consists of a continuous, piecewise isometric map $f:P\subseteq\mathbb{R}^2\to\mathbb{R}^2$ along…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-02-27 Thomas C. Hull , Inna Zakharevich

We investigate the graphs formed from the vertices and creases of an origami pattern that can be folded flat along all of its creases. As we show, this is possible for a tree if and only if the internal vertices of the tree all have even…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2019-07-16 David Eppstein

We explore the following problem: given a collection of creases on a piece of paper, each assigned a folding direction of mountain or valley, is there a flat folding by a sequence of simple folds? There are several models of simple folds;…

Origami describes rules for creating folded structures from patterns on a flat sheet, but does not prescribe how patterns can be designed to fit target shapes. Here, starting from the simplest periodic origami pattern that yields one…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2018-12-24 Levi H. Dudte , Etienne Vouga , Tomohiro Tachi , L. Mahadevan

This article is concerned with an example of complex planar geometry arising from flat origami challenges. The complexity of solution algorithms is illustrated, depending on the depth of the initial analysis of the problem, starting from…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2017-05-30 David Dureisseix

Flat origami studies straight line, planar graphs $C=(V,E)$ drawn on a region $R\subset\mathbb{R}^2$ that can act as crease patterns to map, or fold, $R$ into $\mathbb{R}^2$ in a way that is continuous and a piecewise isometry exactly on…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-05-15 Thomas C. Hull , Manuel Morales , Sarah Nash , Natalya Ter-Saakov

We study the problem of deciding whether a crease pattern can be folded by simple folds (folding along one line at a time) under the infinite all-layers model introduced by [Akitaya et al., 2017], in which each simple fold is defined by an…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2019-01-25 Hugo A. Akitaya , Cordelia Avery , Joseph Bergeron , Erik D. Demaine , Justin Kopinsky , Jason Ku

We introduce the study of forcing sets in mathematical origami. The origami material folds flat along straight line segments called creases, each of which is assigned a folding direction of mountain or valley. A subset $F$ of creases is…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-03-21 Brad Ballinger , Mirela Damian , David Eppstein , Robin Flatland , Jessica Ginepro , Thomas Hull

Rigidly and flat-foldable quadrilateral mesh origami is the class of quadrilateral mesh crease patterns with one fundamental property: the patterns can be folded from flat to fully-folded flat by a continuous one-parameter family of…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2020-07-15 Fan Feng , Xiangxin Dang , Richard D. James , Paul Plucinsky

We map the problem of determining flat-foldability of the origami diagram onto the ground-state search problem of spin glass model on random graphs. If the origami diagram is locally flat-foldable around each vertex, a pre-folded diagram,…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2025-04-01 Chihiro Nakajima

Continuing results from JCDCGGG 2016 and 2017, we solve several new cases of the simple foldability problem -- deciding which crease patterns can be folded flat by a sequence of (some model of) simple folds. We give new efficient algorithms…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Hugo Akitaya , Josh Brunner , Erik D. Demaine , Dylan Hendrickson , Victor Luo , Andy Tockman

This paper deals with themes such as approximate counting/evaluation of the total number of flat-foldings for random origami diagrams, evaluation of the values averaged over various instances, obtaining forcing sets for general origami…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-09-06 Chihiro Nakajima
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