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This paper presents a theoretical framework for addressing the challenges posed by generative artificial intelligence (AI) in higher education assessment through a machine-versus-machine approach. Large language models like GPT-4, Claude,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Mohammad Saleh Torkestani , Taha Mansouri

In mathematical proof education, there remains a need for interventions that help students learn to write mathematical proofs. Research has shown that timely feedback can be very helpful to students learning new skills. While for many years…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Chenyan Zhao , Mariana Silva , Seth Poulsen

Context: The rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in software engineering has led to the development of AI-powered test automation tools, promising improved efficiency, reduced maintenance effort, and enhanced defect-detection. However, a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Vahid Garousi , Nithin Joy , Zafar Jafarov , Alper Buğra Keleş , Sevde Değirmenci , Ece Özdemir , Ryan Zarringhalami

Timely and high-quality feedback is essential for effective learning in programming courses; yet, providing such support at scale remains a challenge. While AI-based systems offer scalable and immediate help, their responses can…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Tung Phung , Heeryung Choi , Mengyan Wu , Christopher Brooks , Sumit Gulwani , Adish Singla

In programming education, providing manual feedback is essential but labour-intensive, posing challenges in consistency and timeliness. We introduce ECHO, a machine learning method to automate the reuse of feedback in educational code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Charlotte Van Petegem , Kasper Demeyere , Rien Maertens , Niko Strijbol , Bram De Wever , Bart Mesuere , Peter Dawyndt

We continuously interact with computerized systems to achieve goals and perform tasks in our personal and professional lives. Therefore, the ability to program such systems is a skill needed by everyone. Consequently, computational thinking…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Christopher Pyles , Francois van Schalkwyk , Gerard J. Gorman , Marijan Beg , Lee Stott , Nir Levy , Ran Gilad-Bachrach

Current Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based tutoring systems (AI tutors) are primarily evaluated based on the pedagogical quality of their feedback messages. While important, pedagogy alone is insufficient because it ignores a critical…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Rose Niousha , Samantha Boatright Smith , Bita Akram , Peter Brusilovsky , Arto Hellas , Juho Leinonen , John DeNero , Narges Norouzi

The growing integration of generative AI in higher education is transforming how students write, learn, and engage with knowledge. As AI tools become more integrated into classrooms, there is an urgent need for pedagogical approaches that…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Xinran Zhu , Cong Wang , Duane Searsmith

Problem solving is an integral part of any physics curriculum, and most physics instructors would likely agree that the associated learner competencies are best assessed by considering the solution path: not only the final solution matters,…

Physics Education · Physics 2023-12-01 Gerd Kortemeyer

The first automated essay scoring system was developed 50 years ago. Automated essay scoring systems are developing into systems with richer functions than the previous simple scoring systems. Its purpose is not only to score essays but…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-13 You-Jin Jong , Yong-Jin Kim , Ok-Chol Ri

Providing timely and individualised feedback on handwritten student work is highly beneficial for learning but difficult to achieve at scale. This challenge has become more pressing as generative AI undermines the reliability of take-home…

Background: During software maintenance and development, the comprehension of program code is key to success. High-quality comments can help us better understand programs, but they're often missing or outmoded in today's programs. Automatic…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-10-15 Yuxiang Zhu , Minxue Pan

Automated Essay scoring has been explored as a research and industry problem for over 50 years. It has drawn a lot of attention from the NLP community because of its clear educational value as a research area that can engender the creation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Yann Hicke , Tonghua Tian , Karan Jha , Choong Hee Kim

This study examines the feasibility and potential advantages of using large language models, in particular GPT-4o, to perform partial credit grading of large numbers of student written responses to introductory level physics problems.…

Physics Education · Physics 2025-08-21 Zhongzhou Chen , Tong Wan

We explore the use of deep reinforcement learning to audit an automatic short answer grading (ASAG) model. Automatic grading may decrease the time burden of rating open-ended items for educators, but a lack of robust evaluation methods for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Aubrey Condor , Zachary Pardos

In the domain of education, the integration of,technology has led to a transformative era, reshaping traditional,learning paradigms. Central to this evolution is the automation,of grading processes, particularly within the STEM domain…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Rajlaxmi Patil , Aditya Ashutosh Kulkarni , Ruturaj Ghatage , Sharvi Endait , Geetanjali Kale , Raviraj Joshi

Almost all Computer Science programs require students to take a course on the Theory of Computation (ToC) which covers various models of computation such as finite automata, push-down automata and Turing machines. ToC courses tend to give…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-03-13 Ankit Kumar , Andrew Walter , Panagiotis Manolios

Code review is a standard practice for ensuring the quality of software projects, and recent research has focused extensively on automated code review. While significant advancements have been made in generating code reviews, the automated…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-10 Yanjie Jiang , Hui Liu , Tianyi Chen , Fu Fan , Chunhao Dong , Kui Liu , Lu Zhang

Computer science class enrollments have rapidly risen in the past decade. With current class sizes, standard approaches to grading and providing personalized feedback are no longer possible and new techniques become both feasible and…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2021-02-02 Loris D'Antoni , Martin Helfrich , Jan Kretinsky , Emanuel Ramneantu , Maximilian Weininger

Given the large number of publications in software engineering, frequent literature reviews are required to keep current on work in specific areas. One tedious work in literature reviews is to find relevant studies amongst thousands of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-04-11 Zhe Yu , Jeffrey C. Carver , Gregg Rothermel , Tim Menzies