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The photonic Ising machine is a new paradigm of optical computing that takes advantage of the unique properties of light wave propagation, parallel processing, and low-loss transmission. Thus, the process of solving combinatorial…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Jiayi Ouyang , Yuxuan Liao , Zhiyao Ma , Deyang Kong , Xue Feng , Xiang Zhang , Xiaowen Dong , Kaiyu Cui , Fang Liu , Wei Zhang , Yidong Huang

Ising machines offer a compelling approach to addressing NP-hard problems, but physical realizations that are simultaneously scalable, reconfigurable, fast, and stable remain elusive. Quantum annealers, like D-Wave's cryogenic hardware,…

Computationally hard problems, including combinatorial optimization, can be mapped into the problem of finding the ground-state of an Ising Hamiltonian. Building physical systems with collective computational ability and distributed…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2021-03-02 Sourav Dutta , Abhishek Khanna , Adou S. Assoa , Hanjong Paik , Darrell Schlom , Zoltan Toroczkai , Arijit Raychowdhury , Suman Datta

We report a higher-order neuromorphic Ising machine that exhibits superior scalability compared to architectures based on quadratization, while also achieving state-of-the-art quality and reliability in solutions with competitive…

Many tasks in our modern life, such as planning an efficient travel, image processing and optimizing integrated circuit design, are modeled as complex combinatorial optimization problems with binary variables. Such problems can be mapped to…

Superparamagnetic tunnel junctions (SMTJs) have emerged as a competitive, realistic nanotechnology to support novel forms of stochastic computation in CMOS-compatible platforms. One of their applications is to generate random bitstreams…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2020-03-09 Matthew W. Daniels , Advait Madhavan , Philippe Talatchian , Alice Mizrahi , Mark D. Stiles

Ising Machine is a promising computing approach for solving combinatorial optimization problems. It is naturally suited for energy-saving and compact in-memory computing implementations with emerging memories. A na\"ive in-memory computing…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-01-30 George Higgins Hutchinson , Ethan Sifferman , Tinish Bhattacharya , Dmitri B. Strukov

Finding an energy minimum in the Ising model is an exemplar objective, associated with many combinatorial optimization problems, that is computationally hard in general, but occurs in all areas of modern science. There are several numerical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-07-17 A. Yavorsky , L. A. Markovich , E. A. Polyakov , A. N. Rubtsov

Recently, nature-inspired computing approaches have gained significant attention for solving difficult optimization problems, particularly through Ising machines for NP-complete applications. Existing Ising accelerators range from quantum…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Siddhartha Raman Sundara Raman , Lizy K. John , Jaydeep P. Kulkarni

Ising machines have the potential to realize fast and highly accurate solvers for combinatorial optimization problems. They are classified based on their internal algorithms. Examples include simulated-annealing-based Ising machines…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2023-11-15 Shuta Kikuchi , Nozomu Togawa , Shu Tanaka

In this work, the relationship between a spin-glass three-dimensional (3D) Ising model with the lattice size N = mnl and the traveling salesman problem (TSP) in a 3D lattice is studied. In particular, the mathematical structures of the two…

General Physics · Physics 2025-07-03 Zhidong Zhang

Analog Ising machines (IMs) occupy an increasingly prominent area of computer architecture research, offering high-quality and low latency/energy solutions to intractable computing tasks. However, IMs have a fixed capacity, with little to…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Matthew X. Burns , Michael C. Huang

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) emulate the spiking behavior of biological neurons and are typically deployed on distributed-memory neuromorphic hardware. The deployment of a SNN usually requires partitioning the network and mapping these…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Wanhong Huang

Ising Machines are emerging hardware architectures that efficiently solve NP-Hard combinatorial optimization problems. Generally, combinatorial problems are transformed into quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) form, but this…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Chirag Garg , Sayeef Salahuddin

The Steiner Traveling Salesman Problem (STSP) is a variant of the classical Traveling Salesman Problem. The STSP involves incorporating steiner nodes, which are extra nodes not originally part of the required visit set but that can be added…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-30 Alessia Ciacco , Francesca Guerriero , Eneko Osaba

Ising machines are emerging as a new technology for solving various classes of computationally hard problems of practical importance, yet their limits on structured SAT workloads, representative of numerous real-world applications, remain…

Superparamagnetic tunnel junctions (SMTJs) are promising sources for the randomness required by some compact and energy-efficient computing schemes. Coupling SMTJs gives rise to collective behavior that could be useful for cognitive…

A non-equilibrium open-dissipative neural network, such as a coherent Ising machine based on mutually coupled optical parametric oscillators, has been proposed and demonstrated as a novel computing machine for hard combinatorial…

A pivotal task for quantum computing is to speed up solving problems that are both classically intractable and practically valuable. Among these, combinatorial optimization problems have attracted tremendous attention due to their broad…

Realizing compact and scalable Ising machines that are compatible with CMOS-process technology is crucial to the effectiveness and practicality of using such hardware platforms for accelerating computationally intractable problems. Besides…