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Despite the impressive performance of large language models (LLMs) across various benchmarks, their ability to address ambiguously specified problems--frequent in real-world interactions--remains underexplored. To address this gap, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Katarzyna Kobalczyk , Nicolas Astorga , Tennison Liu , Mihaela van der Schaar

There is broad agreement that Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems, particularly those using Machine Learning (ML), should be able to "explain" their behavior. Unfortunately, there is little agreement as to what constitutes an…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-07-04 Leilani H. Gilpin , Andrew R. Paley , Mohammed A. Alam , Sarah Spurlock , Kristian J. Hammond

Large language models (LLMs) could be valuable personal AI agents across various domains, provided they can precisely follow user instructions. However, recent studies have shown significant limitations in LLMs' instruction-following…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Juyeon Heo , Miao Xiong , Christina Heinze-Deml , Jaya Narain

Large-language models (LLMs) and chatbot agents are known to provide wrong outputs at times, and it was recently found that this can never be fully prevented. Hence, uncertainty quantification plays a crucial role, aiming to quantify the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Michael Kirchhof , Gjergji Kasneci , Enkelejda Kasneci

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance in code generation tasks under idealized conditions, where task descriptions are clear and precise. However, in practice, task descriptions frequently exhibit ambiguity,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Maya Larbi , Amal Akli , Mike Papadakis , Rihab Bouyousfi , Maxime Cordy , Federica Sarro , Yves Le Traon

Ambiguity in natural language poses significant challenges to Large Language Models (LLMs) used for open-domain question answering. LLMs often struggle with the inherent uncertainties of human communication, leading to misinterpretations,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Aryan Keluskar , Amrita Bhattacharjee , Huan Liu

In situations such as habitat construction, station inspection, or cooperative exploration, incorrect assumptions about the environment or task across the team could lead to mission failure. Thus it is important to resolve any ambiguity…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-04-13 Joshua Rosser , Jacob Arkin , Siddharth Patki , Thomas M. Howard

The ultimate goal of embodied agents is to create collaborators that can interact with humans, not mere executors that passively follow instructions. This requires agents to communicate, coordinate, and adapt their actions based on human…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Xingyao Lin , Xinghao Zhu , Tianyi Lu , Sicheng Xie , Hui Zhang , Xipeng Qiu , Zuxuan Wu , Yu-Gang Jiang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive potential to simulate human behavior. We identify a fundamental challenge in using them to simulate experiments: when LLM-simulated subjects are blind to the experimental design (as is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-25 George Gui , Olivier Toubia

Intelligent agents such as robots are increasingly deployed in real-world, safety-critical settings. It is vital that these agents are able to explain the reasoning behind their decisions to human counterparts; however, their behavior is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-01 Xijia Zhang , Yue Guo , Simon Stepputtis , Katia Sycara , Joseph Campbell

The increasing demand in artificial intelligence (AI) for models that are both effective and explainable is critical in domains where safety and trust are paramount. In this study, we introduce MIRA, a transparent and interpretable…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Sarah Seifi , Tobias Sukianto , Cecilia Carbonelli , Lorenzo Servadei , Robert Wille

Large language models have demonstrated exceptional capabilities in understanding and generation. However, in real-world scenarios, users' natural language expressions are often inherently fuzzy, ambiguous, and uncertain, leading to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Zongyu Chang , Feihong Lu , Ziqin Zhu , Qian Li , Cheng Ji , Tao Yang , Zhuo Chen , Hao Peng , Yang Liu , Ruifeng Xu , Yangqiu Song , Jianxin Li , Shangguang Wang

Effective communication is essential in collaborative tasks, so AI-equipped robots working alongside humans need to be able to explain their behaviour in order to cooperate effectively and earn trust. We analyse and classify communications…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Marc Roig Vilamala , Jack Furby , Julian de Gortari Briseno , Mani Srivastava , Alun Preece , Carolina Fuentes Toro

In this paper, we propose the Interactive Text2Pickup (IT2P) network for human-robot collaboration which enables an effective interaction with a human user despite the ambiguity in user's commands. We focus on the task where a robot is…

Robotics · Computer Science 2018-05-29 Hyemin Ahn , Sungjoon Choi , Nuri Kim , Geonho Cha , Songhwai Oh

The evolution of autonomous driving has made remarkable advancements in recent years, evolving into a tangible reality. However, a human-centric large-scale adoption hinges on meeting a variety of multifaceted requirements. To ensure that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-21 Yi Yang , Qingwen Zhang , Ci Li , Daniel Simões Marta , Nazre Batool , John Folkesson

Several recent works show impressive results in mapping language-based human commands and image scene observations to direct robot executable policies (e.g., pick and place poses). However, these approaches do not consider the uncertainty…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-11-16 Jelle Luijkx , Zlatan Ajanovic , Laura Ferranti , Jens Kober

Comprehension of spoken natural language is an essential component for robots to communicate with human effectively. However, handling unconstrained spoken instructions is challenging due to (1) complex structures including a wide variety…

When using large language models (LLMs) in high-stakes applications, we need to know when we can trust their predictions. Some works argue that prompting high-performance LLMs is sufficient to produce calibrated uncertainties, while others…

In recent years, autonomous agents have surged in real-world environments such as our homes, offices, and public spaces. However, natural human-robot interaction remains a key challenge. In this paper, we introduce an approach that…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Linus Nwankwo , Elmar Rueckert

Navigating robots through unstructured terrains is challenging, primarily due to the dynamic environmental changes. While humans adeptly navigate such terrains by using context from their observations, creating a similar context-aware…