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The increasing levels of software- and data-intensive driving automation call for an evolution of automotive software testing. As a recommended practice of the Verification and Validation (V&V) process of ISO/PAS 21448, a candidate standard…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-01-29 Markus Borg , Raja Ben Abdessalem , Shiva Nejati , Francois-Xavier Jegeden , Donghwan Shin

Testing Advanced Driving Assistance Systems (ADAS), such as lane-keeping functions, requires creating road topologies or using predefined benchmarks. However, the test cases in existing ADAS benchmarks are often designed in specific formats…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Qurban Ali , Andrea Stocco , Leonardo Mariani , Oliviero Riganelli

Automated Driving Systems (ADSs) have seen rapid progress in recent years. To ensure the safety and reliability of these systems, extensive testings are being conducted before their future mass deployment. Testing the system on the road is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-12-03 Ziyuan Zhong , Yun Tang , Yuan Zhou , Vania de Oliveira Neves , Yang Liu , Baishakhi Ray

As Autonomous Driving Systems (ADS) progress towards commercial deployment, there is an increasing focus on ensuring their safety and reliability. While considerable research has been conducted on testing methods for detecting faults in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Nathan Shaw , Sanjeetha Pennada , Robert M Hierons , Donghwan Shin

Autonomous driving has shown great potential to reform modern transportation. Yet its reliability and safety have drawn a lot of attention and concerns. Compared with traditional software systems, autonomous driving systems (ADSs) often use…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-09-26 Guannan Lou , Yao Deng , Xi Zheng , Mengshi Zhang , Tianyi Zhang

Search-based testing is critical for evaluating the safety and reliability of autonomous driving systems (ADSs). However, existing approaches are often built on heterogeneous frameworks (e.g., distinct scenario spaces, simulators, and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Mingfei Cheng , Lionel Briand , Yuan Zhou

Virtual testing of automated driving systems (ADS) has become an essential part of testing procedures for all automation levels. As ADS from automation level 3 and up are very complex, virtual testing for such systems is inevitable. The…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-26 Demin Nalic , Aleksa Pandurevic , Arno Eichberger , Branko Rogic

Autonomous driving systems continue to face safety-critical failures, often triggered by rare and unpredictable corner cases that evade conventional testing. We present the Autonomous Driving Digital Twin (ADDT) framework, a high-fidelity…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Bo Yu , Chaoran Yuan , Zishen Wan , Jie Tang , Fadi Kurdahi , Shaoshan Liu

Automated Driving Systems (ADS) have made great achievements in recent years thanks to the efforts from both academia and industry. A typical ADS is composed of multiple modules, including sensing, perception, planning, and control, which…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Shuncheng Tang , Zhenya Zhang , Yi Zhang , Jixiang Zhou , Yan Guo , Shuang Liu , Shengjian Guo , Yan-Fu Li , Lei Ma , Yinxing Xue , Yang Liu

Autonomous driving systems (ADSs) promise improved transportation efficiency and safety, yet ensuring their reliability in complex real-world environments remains a critical challenge. Effective testing is essential to validate ADS…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Yihan Liao , Jingyu Zhang , Jacky Keung , Yan Xiao , Yurou Dai

Scenario-based testing for automated driving systems (ADS) must be able to simulate traffic scenarios that rely on interactions with other vehicles. Although many languages for high-level scenario modelling have been proposed, they lack the…

Scenario-based testing with driving simulators is extensively used to identify failing conditions of automated driving assistance systems (ADAS). However, existing studies have shown that repeated test execution in the same as well as in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Lev Sorokin , Matteo Biagiola , Andrea Stocco

This paper presents an extended version of Deeper, a search-based simulation-integrated test solution that generates failure-revealing test scenarios for testing a deep neural network-based lane-keeping system. In the newly proposed…

Simulation-based testing plays a critical role in evaluating the safety and reliability of autonomous driving systems (ADSs). However, one of the key challenges in ADS testing is the complexity of preparing and configuring simulation…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Mingfei Cheng , Yuan Zhou , Xiaofei Xie

Thorough testing of safety-critical autonomous systems, such as self-driving cars, autonomous robots, and drones, is essential for detecting potential failures before deployment. One crucial testing stage is model-in-the-loop testing, where…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-01-04 Dmytro Humeniuk , Foutse Khomh , Giuliano Antoniol

The safety and reliability of Automated Driving Systems (ADSs) must be validated prior to large-scale deployment. Among existing validation approaches, scenario-based testing has been regarded as a promising method to improve testing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Yongqi Zhao , Ji Zhou , Dong Bi , Tomislav Mihalj , Jia Hu , Arno Eichberger

Search-based software testing (SBST) of Simulink models helps find scenarios that demonstrate that the system can reach a state that violates one of its requirements. However, many SBST techniques for Simulink models rely on requirements…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Federico Formica , Chris George , Shayda Rahmatyan , Vera Pantelic , Mark Lawford , Angelo Gargantini , Claudio Menghi

Autonomous Driving Systems (ADS) have made huge progress and started on-road testing or even commercializing trials. ADS are complex and difficult to test: they receive input data from multiple sensors and make decisions using a combination…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Tri Minh Triet Pham , Bo Yang , Jinqiu Yang

The development of software components for autonomous driving functions should always include an extensive and rigorous evaluation. Since real-world testing is expensive and safety-critical -- especially when facing dynamic racing scenarios…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-06-18 Tim Stahl , Johannes Betz

An open-source vehicle testbed to enable the exploration of automation technologies for road vehicles is presented. The platform hardware and software, based on the Robot Operating System (ROS), are detailed. Two methods are discussed for…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Austin Costley , Chase Kunz , Ryan Gerdes , Rajnikant Sharma
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