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Complementarity is one of the main features underlying the interactions in biological and biochemical systems. Inspired by those systems we propose a model for the dynamical evolution of a system composed by agents that interact due to…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2009-11-07 M. Copelli , R. M. Zorzenon dos Santos , J. S. Sa Martins

In this paper, we study the cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) problems using Reward Machines (RMs) to specify the reward functions such that the prior knowledge of high-level events in a task can be leveraged to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Xuejing Zheng , Chao Yu

How much autonomy can multi-agent LLM systems sustain -- and what enables it? We present a 25,000-task computational experiment spanning 8 models, 4--256 agents, and 8 coordination protocols ranging from externally imposed hierarchy to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Victoria Dochkina

Multi-agent reinforcement learning is a promising research area that extends established reinforcement learning approaches to problems formulated as multi-agent systems. Recently, a multitude of communication methods have been introduced to…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Christoph Wittner

Critical sectors of human society are progressing toward the adoption of powerful artificial intelligence (AI) agents, which are trained individually on behalf of self-interested principals but deployed in a shared environment. Short of…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2021-12-22 Jiachen Yang , Ethan Wang , Rakshit Trivedi , Tuo Zhao , Hongyuan Zha

There is a growing interest in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) as the first steps towards building general intelligent agents that learn to make low and high-level decisions in non-stationary complex environments in the presence…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-01-01 Marco Jerome Gasparrini , Ricard Solé , Martí Sánchez-Fibla

From autonomous driving to package delivery, ensuring safe yet efficient multi-agent interaction is challenging as the interaction dynamics are influenced by hard-to-model factors such as social norms and contextual cues. Understanding…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-11 Isaac Remy , David Fridovich-Keil , Karen Leung

Problems which require both long-horizon planning and continuous control capabilities pose significant challenges to existing reinforcement learning agents. In this paper we introduce a novel hierarchical reinforcement learning agent which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Jan Achterhold , Markus Krimmel , Joerg Stueckler

Specialization and hierarchical organization are important features of efficient collaboration in economical, artificial, and biological systems. Here, we investigate the hypothesis that both features can be explained by the fact that each…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2018-09-19 Sebastian Gottwald , Daniel A. Braun

We address the problem of learning hierarchical deep neural network policies for reinforcement learning. In contrast to methods that explicitly restrict or cripple lower layers of a hierarchy to force them to use higher-level modulating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-05 Tuomas Haarnoja , Kristian Hartikainen , Pieter Abbeel , Sergey Levine

While the recent advances in deep reinforcement learning have achieved impressive results in learning motor skills, many of the trained policies are only capable within a limited set of initial states. We propose a technique to break down a…

Robotics · Computer Science 2018-11-19 Visak C. V. Kumar , Sehoon Ha , C. Karen Liu

Multi-agent frameworks powered by large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated great success in automated planning and task execution. However, the effective adjustment of agentic workflows during execution has not been well studied. An…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Boye Niu , Yiliao Song , Kai Lian , Yifan Shen , Yu Yao , Kun Zhang , Tongliang Liu

In multi-class classification tasks, like human activity recognition, it is often assumed that classes are separable. In real applications, this assumption becomes strong and generates inconsistencies. Besides, the most commonly used…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Aomar Osmani , Massinissa Hamidi , Pegah Alizadeh

Learning from experience is critical for building capable large language model (LLM) agents, yet prevailing self-evolving paradigms remain inefficient: agents learn in isolation, repeatedly rediscover similar behaviors from limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Chenxi Wang , Zhuoyun Yu , Xin Xie , Wuguannan Yao , Runnan Fang , Shuofei Qiao , Kexin Cao , Guozhou Zheng , Xiang Qi , Peng Zhang , Shumin Deng

Recent studies show that LLMs possess different skills and specialize in different tasks. In fact, we observe that their varied performance occur in several levels of granularity. For example, in the code optimization task, code LLMs excel…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Yuanzhe Liu , Ryan Deng , Tim Kaler , Xuhao Chen , Charles E. Leiserson , Yao Ma , Jie Chen

We develop an optimization framework centered around a core idea: once a (parametric) policy is specified, control authority is transferred to the policy, resulting in an autonomous dynamical system. Thus we should be able to optimize…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Emo Todorov

We study the problem of learning a good set of policies, so that when combined together, they can solve a wide variety of unseen reinforcement learning tasks with no or very little new data. Specifically, we consider the framework of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-16 Safa Alver , Doina Precup

Assistive agents should make humans' lives easier. Classically, such assistance is studied through the lens of inverse reinforcement learning, where an assistive agent (e.g., a chatbot, a robot) infers a human's intention and then selects…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-17 Vivek Myers , Evan Ellis , Sergey Levine , Benjamin Eysenbach , Anca Dragan

In the domain of combat simulations in support of wargaming, the development of intelligent agents has predominantly been characterized by rule-based, scripted methodologies with deep reinforcement learning (RL) approaches only recently…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Scotty Black , Christian Darken

Reinforcement Learning has received wide interest due to its success in competitive games. Yet, its adoption in everyday applications is limited (e.g. industrial, home, healthcare, etc.). In this paper, we address this limitation by…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-06-26 Ben-ya Halevy , Yehudit Aperstein , Dotan Di Castro