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While deep learning has received a surge of interest in a variety of fields in recent years, major deep learning models barely use complex numbers. However, speech, signal and audio data are naturally complex-valued after Fourier Transform,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-10 Muqiao Yang , Martin Q. Ma , Dongyu Li , Yao-Hung Hubert Tsai , Ruslan Salakhutdinov

At present, the vast majority of building blocks, techniques, and architectures for deep learning are based on real-valued operations and representations. However, recent work on recurrent neural networks and older fundamental theoretical…

Complex-valued neural networks (CVNNs) are an emerging field of research in neural networks due to their potential representational properties for audio, image, and physiological signals. It is common in signal processing to transform…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-11-20 Andy M. Sarroff , Victor Shepardson , Michael A. Casey

Transceivers used for telecommunications transmit and receive specific modulation patterns that are represented as sequences of complex numbers. Classifying modulation patterns is challenging because noise and channel impairments affect the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-30 Jakob Krzyston , Rajib Bhattacharjea , Andrew Stark

The field of deep learning has seen significant advancement in recent years. However, much of the existing work has been focused on real-valued numbers. Recent work has shown that a deep learning system using the complex numbers can be…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-07-31 Chase Gaudet , Anthony Maida

At present, the great achievements of convolutional neural network(CNN) in feature and metric learning have attracted many researchers. However, the vast majority of deep network architectures have been used to represent based on real…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-03-26 Siwen Jiang , Wenxuan Wei , Shihao Guo , Hongguang Fu , Lei Huang

Complex-valued neural networks have emerged boasting superior modeling performance for many tasks across the signal processing, sensing, and communications arenas. However, developing complex-valued models currently demands development of…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-18 Josiah W. Smith

This study explores the design and application of Complex-Valued Convolutional Neural Networks (CVCNNs) in audio signal processing, with a focus on preserving and utilizing phase information often neglected in real-valued networks. We begin…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Naman Agrawal

In recent years, complex valued artificial neural networks have gained increasing interest as they allow neural networks to learn richer representations while potentially incorporating less parameters. Especially in the domain of computer…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-03-11 Niloofar Azizi , Nils Wandel , Sven Behnke

Deep learning has become an area of interest in most scientific areas, including physical sciences. Modern networks apply real-valued transformations on the data. Particularly, convolutions in convolutional neural networks discard phase…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-17 Jesper Sören Dramsch , Mikael Lüthje , Anders Nymark Christensen

Many real-world signal sources are complex-valued, having real and imaginary components. However, the vast majority of existing deep learning platforms and network architectures do not support the use of complex-valued data. MRI data is…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-09-02 Elizabeth K. Cole , Joseph Y. Cheng , John M. Pauly , Shreyas S. Vasanawala

Utilizing complex-valued neural networks (CVNNs) in wireless communication tasks has received growing attention for their ability to provide natural and effective representation of complex-valued signals and data. However, existing studies…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-18 Yang Leng , Qingfeng Lin , Long-Yin Yung , Jingreng Lei , Yang Li , Yik-Chung Wu

Recent advancements in deep learning have significantly impacted the field of speech signal processing, particularly in the analysis and manipulation of complex spectrograms. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of the…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-06 Yuying Xie , Zheng-Hua Tan

This report will explore and answer fundamental questions about taking Fourier Transforms and tying it with recent advances in AI and neural architecture. One interpretation of the Fourier Transform is decomposing a signal into its…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Prateek Verma

Machine learning applied to computer vision and signal processing is achieving results comparable to the human brain on specific tasks due to the great improvements brought by the deep neural networks (DNN). The majority of state-of-the-art…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-06-30 José Augusto Stuchi , Levy Boccato , Romis Attux

Complex-valued data is ubiquitous in signal and image processing applications, and complex-valued representations in deep learning have appealing theoretical properties. While these aspects have long been recognized, complex-valued deep…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-11-10 Rudrasis Chakraborty , Yifei Xing , Stella Yu

Deep learning yields great results across many fields, from speech recognition, image classification, to translation. But for each problem, getting a deep model to work well involves research into the architecture and a long period of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-06-19 Lukasz Kaiser , Aidan N. Gomez , Noam Shazeer , Ashish Vaswani , Niki Parmar , Llion Jones , Jakob Uszkoreit

Transformers are built upon multi-head scaled dot-product attention and positional encoding, which aim to learn the feature representations and token dependencies. In this work, we focus on enhancing the distinctive representation by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Litao Yu , Jian Zhang

Complex-valued Neural Networks (CVNNs) are often motivated by domains where information is naturally encoded in magnitude and phase. Yet complex-valued inputs alone do not determine when complex arithmetic improves learning: the label…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Ashutosh Kumar

Multi-head attention empowers the recent success of transformers, the state-of-the-art models that have achieved remarkable success in sequence modeling and beyond. These attention mechanisms compute the pairwise dot products between the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-02 Tan Nguyen , Minh Pham , Tam Nguyen , Khai Nguyen , Stanley J. Osher , Nhat Ho
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