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Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown strong performance on NLP classification tasks. However, they typically rely on aggregated labels-often via majority voting-which can obscure the human disagreement inherent in subjective annotations.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Benedetta Muscato , Yue Li , Gizem Gezici , Zhixue Zhao , Fosca Giannotti

Timely and high-quality feedback is essential for effective learning in programming courses; yet, providing such support at scale remains a challenge. While AI-based systems offer scalable and immediate help, their responses can…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Tung Phung , Heeryung Choi , Mengyan Wu , Christopher Brooks , Sumit Gulwani , Adish Singla

High-quality computer science education is limited by the difficulty of providing instructor feedback to students at scale. While this feedback could in principle be automated, supervised approaches to predicting the correct feedback are…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Mike Wu , Noah Goodman , Chris Piech , Chelsea Finn

Learning text-video embeddings usually requires a dataset of video clips with manually provided captions. However, such datasets are expensive and time consuming to create and therefore difficult to obtain on a large scale. In this work, we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-08-01 Antoine Miech , Dimitri Zhukov , Jean-Baptiste Alayrac , Makarand Tapaswi , Ivan Laptev , Josef Sivic

LLMs are reshaping education, with students increasingly relying on them for learning. Implemented using general-purpose models, these systems are likely to give away the answers, potentially undermining conceptual understanding and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Anubhav Jangra , Smaranda Muresan

Large language models (LLMs) excel at answering questions but remain passive learners-absorbing static data without the ability to question and refine knowledge. This paper explores how LLMs can transition to interactive, question-driven…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Aum Kendapadi , Kerem Zaman , Rakesh R. Menon , Shashank Srivastava

Despite recent advances, evaluating how well large language models (LLMs) follow user instructions remains an open problem. While evaluation methods of language models have seen a rise in prompt-based approaches, limited work on the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Ondrej Skopek , Rahul Aralikatte , Sian Gooding , Victor Carbune

Review comments play an important role in the evolution of documents. For a large document, the number of review comments may become large, making it difficult for the authors to quickly grasp what the comments are about. It is important to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-04 Gautam Choudhary , Natwar Modani , Nitish Maurya

Spreadsheets are one of the most widely used tools for end users. As a result, spreadsheets such as Excel are now included in many curricula. However, digital solutions for assessing spreadsheet assignments are still scarce in the teaching…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Sören Aguirre Reid , Frank Kammer , Jonas-Ian Kuche , Pia-Doreen Ritzke , Markus Siepermann , Max Stephan , Armin Wagenknecht

Training deep-learning-based vision systems require the manual annotation of a significant number of images. Such manual annotation is highly time-consuming and labor-intensive. Although previous studies have attempted to eliminate the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Takuya Kiyokawa , Naoki Shirakura , Hiroki Katayama , Keita Tomochika , Jun Takamatsu

The rapid expansion of online courses and social media has generated large volumes of unstructured learner-generated text. Understanding how learners construct knowledge in these spaces is crucial for analysing learning processes, informing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Jindi Wang , Yidi Zhang , Zhaoxing Li , Pedro Bem Haja , Ioannis Ivrissimtzis , Zichen Zhao , Sebastian Stein

Student reviews and comments on RateMyProfessor.com reflect realistic learning experiences of students. Such information provides a large-scale data source to examine the teaching quality of the lecturers. In this paper, we propose an…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-02-01 Ziqi Tang , Yutong Wang , Jiebo Luo

Human data annotation, especially when involving experts, is often treated as an objective reference. However, many annotation tasks are inherently subjective, and annotators' judgments may evolve over time. This study investigates changes…

In modern computer science education, massive open online courses (MOOCs) log thousands of hours of data about how students solve coding challenges. Being so rich in data, these platforms have garnered the interest of the machine learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-18 Mike Wu , Milan Mosse , Noah Goodman , Chris Piech

How can an end-user provide feedback if a deployed structured prediction model generates inconsistent output, ignoring the structural complexity of human language? This is an emerging topic with recent progress in synthetic or constrained…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-12-17 Niket Tandon , Aman Madaan , Peter Clark , Keisuke Sakaguchi , Yiming Yang

Supervised learning relies on high-quality labeled data, but obtaining such data through human annotation is both expensive and time-consuming. Recent work explores using large language models (LLMs) for annotation, but LLM-generated labels…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Lequan Lin , Dai Shi , Andi Han , Feng Chen , Qiuzheng Chen , Jiawen Li , Zhaoyang Li , Jiyuan Li , Zhenbang Sun , Junbin Gao

Machine learning enables the development of new, supplemental, and empowering tools that can either expand existing technologies or invent new ones. In education, space exists for a tool that supports generic student course review formats…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Ben Hoar , Roshini Ramachandran , Marc Levis , Erin Sparck , Ke Wu , Chong Liu

Over the last decade, online lecture videos have become increasingly popular and have experienced a meteoric rise during the pandemic. However, video-language research has primarily focused on instructional videos or movies, and tools to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Darshan Singh S , Anchit Gupta , C. V. Jawahar , Makarand Tapaswi

Research demonstrates learners engaging in the process of producing explanations to support their reasoning, can have a positive impact on learning. However, providing learners real-time explanatory feedback often presents challenges…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-28 Jionghao Lin , Danielle R. Thomas , Feifei Han , Shivang Gupta , Wei Tan , Ngoc Dang Nguyen , Kenneth R. Koedinger

Often, the needs and visual abilities differ between the annotator group and the end user group. Generating detailed diagram descriptions for blind and low-vision (BLV) users is one such challenging domain. Sighted annotators could describe…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Wan Ju Kang , Eunki Kim , Na Min An , Sangryul Kim , Haemin Choi , Ki Hoon Kwak , James Thorne