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The implications of backdoor attacks on English-centric large language models (LLMs) have been widely examined - such attacks can be achieved by embedding malicious behaviors during training and activated under specific conditions that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Xuanli He , Jun Wang , Qiongkai Xu , Pasquale Minervini , Pontus Stenetorp , Benjamin I. P. Rubinstein , Trevor Cohn

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are vulnerable to a class of attacks called "backdoor attacks", which create an association between a backdoor trigger and a target label the attacker is interested in exploiting. A backdoored DNN performs well…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-01-23 Hasan Abed Al Kader Hammoud , Shuming Liu , Mohammed Alkhrashi , Fahad AlBalawi , Bernard Ghanem

As deep neural networks and the datasets used to train them get larger, the default approach to integrating them into research and commercial projects is to download a pre-trained model and fine tune it. But these models can have uncertain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Khondoker Murad Hossain , Tim Oates

Pre-trained language models allowed us to process downstream tasks with the help of fine-tuning, which aids the model to achieve fairly high accuracy in various Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. Such easily-downloaded language models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Jaechul Roh , Minhao Cheng , Yajun Fang

For nearly a decade the academic community has investigated backdoors in neural networks, primarily focusing on classification tasks where adversaries manipulate the model prediction. While demonstrably malicious, the immediate real-world…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Nicolas Küchler , Ivan Petrov , Conrad Grobler , Ilia Shumailov

Intuitively, a backdoor attack against Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) is to inject hidden malicious behaviors into DNNs such that the backdoor model behaves legitimately for benign inputs, yet invokes a predefined malicious behavior when its…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Shaofeng Li , Shiqing Ma , Minhui Xue , Benjamin Zi Hao Zhao

Reusing off-the-shelf code snippets from online repositories is a common practice, which significantly enhances the productivity of software developers. To find desired code snippets, developers resort to code search engines through natural…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Weisong Sun , Yuchen Chen , Guanhong Tao , Chunrong Fang , Xiangyu Zhang , Quanjun Zhang , Bin Luo

Backdoor attacks threaten Deep Neural Networks (DNNs). Towards stealthiness, researchers propose clean-label backdoor attacks, which require the adversaries not to alter the labels of the poisoned training datasets. Clean-label settings…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-06-13 Nan Luo , Yuanzhang Li , Yajie Wang , Shangbo Wu , Yu-an Tan , Quanxin Zhang

Poisoning-based backdoor attacks expose vulnerabilities in the data preparation stage of deep neural network (DNN) training. The DNNs trained on the poisoned dataset will be embedded with a backdoor, making them behave well on clean data…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-10 Binxiao Huang , Jason Chun Lok , Chang Liu , Ngai Wong

Backdoor attacks have been considered a severe security threat to deep learning. Such attacks can make models perform abnormally on inputs with predefined triggers and still retain state-of-the-art performance on clean data. While backdoor…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-27 Yi Zeng , Won Park , Z. Morley Mao , Ruoxi Jia

Data-poisoning based backdoor attacks aim to insert backdoor into models by manipulating training datasets without controlling the training process of the target model. Existing attack methods mainly focus on designing triggers or fusion…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-17 Zihao Zhu , Mingda Zhang , Shaokui Wei , Li Shen , Yanbo Fan , Baoyuan Wu

Backdoor (Trojan) attacks are emerging threats against deep neural networks (DNN). A DNN being attacked will predict to an attacker-desired target class whenever a test sample from any source class is embedded with a backdoor pattern; while…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-08 Xi Li , Zhen Xiang , David J. Miller , George Kesidis

Recent studies have revealed a security threat to natural language processing (NLP) models, called the Backdoor Attack. Victim models can maintain competitive performance on clean samples while behaving abnormally on samples with a specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-30 Wenkai Yang , Lei Li , Zhiyuan Zhang , Xuancheng Ren , Xu Sun , Bin He

Self-supervised learning in computer vision aims to pre-train an image encoder using a large amount of unlabeled images or (image, text) pairs. The pre-trained image encoder can then be used as a feature extractor to build downstream…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-08-03 Jinyuan Jia , Yupei Liu , Neil Zhenqiang Gong

Neural code models have been increasingly incorporated into software development processes. However, their susceptibility to backdoor attacks presents a significant security risk. The state-of-the-art understanding focuses on…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Junyao Ye , Zhen Li , Xi Tang , Shouhuai Xu , Deqing Zou , Zhongsheng Yuan

Speaker verification has been widely and successfully adopted in many mission-critical areas for user identification. The training of speaker verification requires a large amount of data, therefore users usually need to adopt third-party…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-04 Tongqing Zhai , Yiming Li , Ziqi Zhang , Baoyuan Wu , Yong Jiang , Shu-Tao Xia

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are vulnerable to backdoor attacks. The backdoor adversaries intend to maliciously control the predictions of attacked DNNs by injecting hidden backdoors that can be activated by adversary-specified trigger…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Tong Xu , Yiming Li , Yong Jiang , Shu-Tao Xia

Over the past few years, the emergence of backdoor attacks has presented significant challenges to deep learning systems, allowing attackers to insert backdoors into neural networks. When data with a trigger is processed by a backdoor…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Haiyang Yu , Tian Xie , Jiaping Gui , Pengyang Wang , Ping Yi , Yue Wu

Backdoor attacks have emerged as a critical security threat against deep neural networks in recent years. The majority of existing backdoor attacks focus on targeted backdoor attacks, where trigger is strongly associated to specific…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Yinghao Wu , Liyan Zhang

A backdoor data poisoning attack is an adversarial attack wherein the attacker injects several watermarked, mislabeled training examples into a training set. The watermark does not impact the test-time performance of the model on typical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-05 Naren Sarayu Manoj , Avrim Blum