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Although BERT is widely used by the NLP community, little is known about its inner workings. Several attempts have been made to shed light on certain aspects of BERT, often with contradicting conclusions. A much raised concern focuses on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Nikolaos Manginas , Ilias Chalkidis , Prodromos Malakasiotis

This study compares the effectiveness and robustness of multi-class categorization of Amazon product data using transfer learning on pre-trained contextualized language models. Specifically, we fine-tuned BERT and XLNet, two bidirectional…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-09-24 Xinyi Liu , Artit Wangperawong

In real-world applications, as data availability increases, obtaining labeled data for machine learning (ML) projects remains challenging due to the high costs and intensive efforts required for data annotation. Many ML projects,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Ismail Hakki Karaman , Gulser Koksal , Levent Eriskin , Salih Salihoglu

Multilabel classification is an emergent data mining task with a broad range of real world applications. Learning from imbalanced multilabel data is being deeply studied latterly, and several resampling methods have been proposed in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-02-15 Francisco Charte , Antonio J. Rivera , María J. del Jesus , Francisco Herrera

Multi-label classification poses challenges due to imbalanced and noisy labels in training data. We propose a unified data augmentation method, named BalanceMix, to address these challenges. Our approach includes two samplers for imbalanced…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-13 Hwanjun Song , Minseok Kim , Jae-Gil Lee

Multi-label text classification is a challenging task because it requires capturing label dependencies. It becomes even more challenging when class distribution is long-tailed. Resampling and re-weighting are common approaches used for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Yi Huang , Buse Giledereli , Abdullatif Köksal , Arzucan Özgür , Elif Ozkirimli

We analyze various methods for single-label and multi-label text classification across well-known datasets, categorizing them into bag-of-words, sequence-based, graph-based, and hierarchical approaches. Despite the surge in methods like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Lukas Galke , Ansgar Scherp , Andor Diera , Fabian Karl , Bao Xin Lin , Bhakti Khera , Tim Meuser , Tushar Singhal

Efficient text classification is essential for handling the increasing volume of academic publications. This study explores the use of pre-trained language models (PLMs), including BERT, SciBERT, BioBERT, and BlueBERT, fine-tuned on the Web…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Zhyar Rzgar K Rostam , Gábor Kertész

In multi-label text classification, each textual document can be assigned with one or more labels. Due to this nature, the multi-label text classification task is often considered to be more challenging compared to the binary or multi-class…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-07-02 Jingcheng Du , Qingyu Chen , Yifan Peng , Yang Xiang , Cui Tao , Zhiyong Lu

Available works addressing multi-label classification in a data stream environment focus on proposing accurate models; however, these models often exhibit inefficiency and cannot balance effectiveness and efficiency. In this work, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Sepehr Bakhshi , Fazli Can

The escalating volume of collected healthcare textual data presents a unique challenge for automated Multi-Label Text Classification (MLTC), which is primarily due to the scarcity of annotated texts for training and their nuanced nature.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Hajar Sakai , Sarah S. Lam

In this work, we carried out a study about the use of attention-based algorithms to automate the categorization of Brazilian case law documents. We used data from the Kollemata Project to produce two distinct datasets with adequate class…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-15 Felipe R. Serras , Marcelo Finger

Named Entity Recognition (NER) encounters the challenge of unbalanced labels, where certain entity types are overrepresented while others are underrepresented in real-world datasets. This imbalance can lead to biased models that perform…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-06 Abdul Rehman , Jian Jun Zhang , Xiaosong Yang

The rapid adoption of LLMs has overshadowed the potential advantages of traditional BERT-like models in text classification. This study challenges the prevailing "LLM-centric" trend by systematically comparing three category methods, i.e.,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Junyan Zhang , Yiming Huang , Shuliang Liu , Yubo Gao , Xuming Hu

Event classification at sentence level is an important Information Extraction task with applications in several NLP, IR, and personalization systems. Multi-label binary relevance (BR) are the state-of-art methods. In this work, we explored…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2014-03-26 Luís Marujo , Anatole Gershman , Jaime Carbonell , João P. Neto , David Martins de Matos

Incorrect labels in training data occur when human annotators make mistakes or when the data is generated via weak or distant supervision. It has been shown that complex noise-handling techniques - by modeling, cleaning or filtering the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-21 Dawei Zhu , Michael A. Hedderich , Fangzhou Zhai , David Ifeoluwa Adelani , Dietrich Klakow

Imbalanced dataset is occurred due to uneven distribution of data available in the real world such as disposition of complaints on government offices in Bandung. Consequently, multi-label text categorization algorithms may not produce the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-12 Genta Indra Winata , Masayu Leylia Khodra

Service manual documents are crucial to the engineering company as they provide guidelines and knowledge to service engineers. However, it has become inconvenient and inefficient for service engineers to retrieve specific knowledge from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-25 Jia Wei Chong , Zhiyuan Chen , Mei Shin Oh

In this paper, we focus on the classification of books using short descriptive texts (cover blurbs) and additional metadata. Building upon BERT, a deep neural language model, we demonstrate how to combine text representations with metadata…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-19 Malte Ostendorff , Peter Bourgonje , Maria Berger , Julian Moreno-Schneider , Georg Rehm , Bela Gipp

Label smoothing is a widely used technique in various domains, such as text classification, image classification and speech recognition, known for effectively combating model overfitting. However, there is little fine-grained analysis on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Yijie Gao , Shijing Si , Hua Luo , Haixia Sun , Yugui Zhang
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