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Computing the gradient of a function provides fundamental information about its behavior. This information is essential for several applications and algorithms across various fields. One common application that require gradients are…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-06-09 Esmail Abdul Fattah , Janet Van Niekerk , Haavard Rue

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) has achieved great success in training deep neural network, where the gradient is computed through back-propagation. However, the back-propagated values of different layers vary dramatically. This…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-02-28 Huishuai Zhang , Wei Chen , Tie-Yan Liu

Deep neural networks employing error back-propagation for learning can suffer from exploding and vanishing gradient problems. Numerous solutions have been proposed such as normalisation techniques or limiting activation functions to linear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-08 Sama Daryanavard , Bernd Porr

Backpropagation is the default learning rule for artificial neural networks and is often treated as the settled approach whenever differentiability is available. In this work, we revisit this convention through a theoretical lens of sample…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-28 Yibo Jacky Zhang , Zeyu Tang , Sanmi Koyejo

Deep learning has revolutionized industries like computer vision, natural language processing, and speech recognition. However, back propagation, the main method for training deep neural networks, faces challenges like computational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-15 Gokulprasath R

We devise a coreset selection method based on the idea of gradient matching: The gradients induced by the coreset should match, as closely as possible, those induced by the original training dataset. We evaluate the method in the context of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-10 Lukas Balles , Giovanni Zappella , Cédric Archambeau

In a variety of problems originating in supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning, the loss function is defined by an expectation over a collection of random variables, which might be part of a probabilistic model or the external…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-01-06 John Schulman , Nicolas Heess , Theophane Weber , Pieter Abbeel

The concept of the value-gradient is introduced and developed in the context of reinforcement learning. It is shown that by learning the value-gradients exploration or stochastic behaviour is no longer needed to find locally optimal…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2008-03-26 Michael Fairbank

Backpropagation algorithm is the cornerstone for neural network analysis. Paper extends it for training any derivatives of neural network's output with respect to its input. By the dint of it feedforward networks can be used to solve or…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-12-13 V. I. Avrutskiy

Lateral inhibitory connections have been observed in the cortex of the biological brain, and has been extensively studied in terms of its role in cognitive functions. However, in the vanilla version of backpropagation in deep learning, all…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-16 Lei Jiang , Yongqing Liu , Shihai Xiao , Yansong Chua

We analyze the variance of stochastic gradients along negative curvature directions in certain non-convex machine learning models and show that stochastic gradients exhibit a strong component along these directions. Furthermore, we show…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-18 Hadi Daneshmand , Jonas Kohler , Aurelien Lucchi , Thomas Hofmann

Training neural networks with back-propagation (BP) requires a sequential passing of activations and gradients, which forces the network modules to work in a synchronous fashion. This has been recognized as the lockings (i.e., the forward,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-11-25 Huiping Zhuang , Yi Wang , Qinglai Liu , Shuai Zhang , Zhiping Lin

Training deep neural networks on large-scale datasets requires significant hardware resources whose costs (even on cloud platforms) put them out of reach of smaller organizations, groups, and individuals. Backpropagation, the workhorse for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-22 Alexander Ororbia , Ankur Mali , Daniel Kifer , C. Lee Giles

Stochastic neurons and hard non-linearities can be useful for a number of reasons in deep learning models, but in many cases they pose a challenging problem: how to estimate the gradient of a loss function with respect to the input of such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-08-16 Yoshua Bengio , Nicholas Léonard , Aaron Courville

Modern deep models are often pretrained on large-scale data with missing labels using composite objectives, where the relative weights of multiple loss terms act as hyperparameters. Tuning these weights with random search or Bayesian…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Ivan Karpukhin , Andrey Savchenko

Deep neural networks have achieved great success both in computer vision and natural language processing tasks. However, mostly state-of-art methods highly rely on external training or computing to improve the performance. To alleviate the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-25 Ming Yan , Xueli Xiao , Joey Tianyi Zhou , Yi Pan

Stochastic gradient algorithms are the main focus of large-scale optimization problems and led to important successes in the recent advancement of the deep learning algorithms. The convergence of SGD depends on the careful choice of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-03-03 Caglar Gulcehre , Jose Sotelo , Marcin Moczulski , Yoshua Bengio

Gradient-based hyperparameter optimization has earned a widespread popularity in the context of few-shot meta-learning, but remains broadly impractical for tasks with long horizons (many gradient steps), due to memory scaling and gradient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-01 Paul Micaelli , Amos Storkey

We address the challenging problem of deep representation learning--the efficient adaption of a pre-trained deep network to different tasks. Specifically, we propose to explore gradient-based features. These features are gradients of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-14 Fangzhou Mu , Yingyu Liang , Yin Li

Calibration of large-scale differential equation models to observational or experimental data is a widespread challenge throughout applied sciences and engineering. A crucial bottleneck in state-of-the art calibration methods is the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-02-23 Jon Cockayne , Andrew B. Duncan