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LLMs have shown immense potential for code translation, yet they often struggle to ensure both syntactic correctness and semantic consistency. While preference-based learning offers a promising alignment strategy, it is hindered by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Yuhan Wu , Huan Zhang , Wei Cheng , Chen Shen , Jingyue Yang , Wei Hu

Large language models (LLMs) have made significant strides in code translation tasks. However, ensuring both the correctness and readability of translated code remains a challenge, limiting their effective adoption in real-world software…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Longhui Zhang , Bin Wang , Jiahao Wang , Xiaofeng Zhao , Min Zhang , Hao Yang , Meishan Zhang , Yu Li , Jing Li , Jun Yu , Min Zhang

While Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at code generation by learning from vast code corpora, a fundamental semantic gap remains between their training on textual patterns and the goal of functional correctness, which is governed by…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Xue Jiang , Yihong Dong , Mengyang Liu , Hongyi Deng , Tian Wang , Yongding Tao , Rongyu Cao , Binhua Li , Zhi Jin , Wenpin Jiao , Fei Huang , Yongbin Li , Ge Li

Translating legacy Fortran code into C++ is a crucial step in modernizing high-performance computing (HPC) applications. However, the scarcity of high-quality, parallel Fortran-to-C++ datasets and the limited domain-specific expertise in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Le Chen , Bin Lei , Dunzhi Zhou , Pei-Hung Lin , Chunhua Liao , Caiwen Ding , Ali Jannesari

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have substantially improved the functional correctness of code translation, the critical dimension of \textit{execution efficiency} remains overlooked. We present \textbf{\textsc{trace}}, the first…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Zhihao Gong , Zeyu Sun , Dong Huang , Qingyuan Liang , Jie M. Zhang , Dan Hao

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have substantially improved the functional correctness of code translation, the critical dimension of \textit{execution efficiency} remains overlooked. We present \textbf{\textsc{trace}}, the first…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Zhihao Gong , Zeyu Sun , Dong Huang , Qingyuan Liang , Jie M. Zhang , Dan Hao

Existing methods fail to effectively steer Large Language Models (LLMs) between textual reasoning and code generation, leaving symbolic computing capabilities underutilized. We introduce CodeSteer, an effective method for guiding LLM…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Yongchao Chen , Yilun Hao , Yueying Liu , Yang Zhang , Chuchu Fan

Repository-aware code translation is critical for modernizing legacy systems, enhancing maintainability, and enabling interoperability across diverse programming languages. While recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have improved…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Ziqi Guan , Xin Yin , Zhiyuan Peng , Chao Ni

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable progress in automated code generation. Yet, LLM-generated code may contain errors in API usage, class, data structure, or missing project-specific information. As much of this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Zhangqian Bi , Yao Wan , Zheng Wang , Hongyu Zhang , Batu Guan , Fangxin Lu , Zili Zhang , Yulei Sui , Hai Jin , Xuanhua Shi

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly being leveraged for generating and translating scientific computer codes by both domain-experts and non-domain experts. Fortran has served as one of the go to programming languages in legacy…

This paper introduces UniTranslator, a visionary framework that re-imagines code translation as a collaborative endeavor among multiple, compact LLMs. By orchestrating the interaction of specialized agents, each focused on different aspects…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Rabimba Karanjai , Sam Blackshear , Lei Xu , Weidong Shi

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in code translation, yet their performance deteriorates in low-resource programming domains such as Fortran and emerging frameworks like CUDA, where high-quality parallel data…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Le Chen , Nuo Xu , Winson Chen , Bin Lei , Pei-Hung Lin , Dunzhi Zhou , Rajeev Thakur , Caiwen Ding , Ali Jannesari , Chunhua Liao

Code translation is crucial for cross-language codebase migration, and large language models (LLMs) have emerged as a promising technique to automate this process. However, the security implications of using LLMs for code translation remain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Hailong Chang , Guozhu Meng , Shuhui Xiao , Kai Chen , Kun Sun , Yilin Li

In this study, we present a novel dataset for training machine learning models translating between OpenMP Fortran and C++ code. To ensure reliability and applicability, the dataset is created from a range of representative open-source…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-09-20 Bin Lei , Caiwen Ding , Le Chen , Pei-Hung Lin , Chunhua Liao

Large language models (LLMs) have behaved well in function-level code translation without repository-level context. However, the performance of LLMs in repository-level context code translation remains suboptimal due to complex dependencies…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Guangsheng Ou , Mingwei Liu , Yuxuan Chen , Xueying Du , Shengbo Wang , Zekai Zhang , Xin Peng , Zibin Zheng

Repository-level code translation refers to translating an entire code repository from one programming language to another while preserving the functionality of the source repository. Many benchmarks have been proposed to evaluate the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Yanli Wang , Yanlin Wang , Suiquan Wang , Daya Guo , Jiachi Chen , John Grundy , Xilin Liu , Yuchi Ma , Mingzhi Mao , Hongyu Zhang , Zibin Zheng

Code translation is a crucial task in software development and maintenance. While recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have improved automated code translation accuracy, these gains often come at the cost of increased…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Yanlin Wang , Rongyi Ou , Yanli Wang , Mingwei Liu , Jiachi Chen , Ensheng Shi , Xilin Liu , Yuchi Ma , Zibin Zheng

Currently, a growing number of mature natural language processing applications make people's life more convenient. Such applications are built by source code - the language in software engineering. However, the applications for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-05-13 Ahmed Elnaggar , Wei Ding , Llion Jones , Tom Gibbs , Tamas Feher , Christoph Angerer , Silvia Severini , Florian Matthes , Burkhard Rost

Software migration is garnering increasing attention with the evolution of software and society. Early studies mainly relied on handcrafted translation rules to translate between two languages, the translation process is error-prone and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Xin Yin , Chao Ni , Tien N. Nguyen , Shaohua Wang , Xiaohu Yang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly being applied across various domains, including code-related tasks such as code translation. Previous studies have explored using LLMs for translating code between different programming…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Soumit Kanti Saha , Fazle Rabbi , Song Wang , Jinqiu Yang