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This paper presents two types of results related to hyperarithmetic analysis. First, we introduce new variants of the dependent choice axiom, namely $\mathrm{unique}~\Pi^1_0(\mathrm{resp.}~\Sigma^1_1)\text{-}\mathsf{DC}_0$ and…

Logic · Mathematics 2024-11-26 Koki Hashimoto

Data vectors generalise finite multisets: they are finitely supported functions into a commutative monoid. We study the question if a given data vector can be expressed as a finite sum of others, only assuming that 1) the domain is…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-10-06 Piotr Hofman , Jérôme Leroux , Patrick Totzke

Recently, quantitative versions of the Gibbard-Satterthwaite theorem were proven for $k=3$ alternatives by Friedgut, Kalai, Keller and Nisan and for neutral functions on $k \geq 4$ alternatives by Isaksson, Kindler and Mossel. We prove a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-03-30 Elchanan Mossel , Miklos Z. Racz

In this article, we investigate the arithmetical hierarchy from the perspective of realizability theory. An experimental observation in classical computability theory is that the notion of degrees of unsolvability for natural arithmetical…

Logic · Mathematics 2024-10-22 Takayuki Kihara

We elucidate a close connection between the Theory of Judgment Aggregation (more generally, Evaluation Aggregation), and a relatively young but rapidly growing field of universal algebra, that was primarily developed to investigate…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2015-06-04 Mario Szegedy , Yixin Xu

We characterize trees as median algebras and semilattices by relaxing conservativeness. Moreover, we describe median homomorphisms between products of median algebras and show that Arrow type impossibility theorems for mappings from a…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2015-08-20 Miguel Couceiro , Stephan Foldes , Gerasimos C. Meletiou

There is a fascinating interplay and overlap between recursion theory and descriptive set theory. A particularly beautiful source of such interaction has been Martin's conjecture on Turing invariant functions. This longstanding open problem…

Logic · Mathematics 2020-01-20 Andrew Marks , Theodore Slaman , John Steel

In 1950 Arrow famously showed that there is no social welfare function satisfying four basic conditions. In 1976, on the other hand, Gibbard and Sonnenschein showed that there does exist a unique probabilistic social welfare method that…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2025-02-12 Roger F. Sewell

We give a structure theorem for all coalitionally strategy-proof social choice functions whose range is a subset of cardinality two of a given larger set of alternatives. We provide this in the case where the voters/agents are allowed to…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2020-07-06 Achille Basile , Surekha Rao , K. P. S. Bhaskara Rao

A result of Kaufmann shows that if $L_\alpha$ is countable, admissible and satisfies $\Pi_n\textsf{-Collection}$, then $\langle L_\alpha, \in \rangle$ has a proper $\Sigma_{n+1}$-elementary end extension. This paper investigates to what…

Logic · Mathematics 2022-01-14 Zachiri McKenzie

In what follows, essentially two things will be accomplished: Firstly, it will be proven that a version of the Arzel\`a--Ascoli theorem and the Fr\'echet--Kolmogorov theorem are equivalent to the axiom of countable choice for subsets of…

Logic · Mathematics 2018-03-23 Adrian Fellhauer

Uncovering the origin of the arrow of time remains a fundamental scientific challenge. Within the framework of statistical physics, this problem was inextricably associated with the second law of thermodynamics, which declares that entropy…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-02-27 G. B. Lesovik , I. A. Sadovskyy , M. V. Suslov , A. V. Lebedev , V. M. Vinokur

We establish an uncountable amenable ergodic Roth theorem, in which the acting group is not assumed to be countable and the space need not be separable. This generalizes a previous result of Bergelson, McCutcheon and Zhang, and complements…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2023-11-13 Polona Durcik , Rachel Greenfeld , Annina Iseli , Asgar Jamneshan , José Madrid

Within the framework of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory without the Axiom of Choice, we establish equivalents to the assertion "the union of a countable collection of finite sets is countable" in the context of metric spaces, probability…

Logic · Mathematics 2023-08-24 Ilijas Farah , Jeffrey Marshall-Milne

Hindman's Theorem is a prototypical example of a combinatorial theorem with a proof that uses the topology of the ultrafilters. We show how the methods of this proof, including topological arguments about ultrafilters, can be translated…

Logic · Mathematics 2009-06-23 Henry Towsner

Sorites is an ancient piece of paradoxical reasoning pertaining to sets with the following properties: (Supervenience) elements of the set are mapped into some set of "attributes", (Tolerance) if an element has a given attribute then so are…

Logic · Mathematics 2019-03-14 Damir D. Dzhafarov

Several theorems about the equivalence of familiar theories of reverse mathematics with certain well-ordering principles have been proved by recursion-theoretic and combinatorial methods (Friedman, Marcone, Montalban et al.) and with…

Logic · Mathematics 2020-10-26 Michael Rathjen

As suggested by the title, it has recently become clear that theorems of Nonstandard Analysis (NSA) give rise to theorems in computability theory (no longer involving NSA). Now, the aforementioned discipline divides into classical and…

Logic · Mathematics 2017-01-19 Sam Sanders

Counterfactual explanations elucidate algorithmic decisions by pointing to scenarios that would have led to an alternative, desired outcome. Giving insight into the model's behavior, they hint users towards possible actions and give grounds…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-04-05 Susanne Dandl , Kristin Blesch , Timo Freiesleben , Gunnar König , Jan Kapar , Bernd Bischl , Marvin Wright

In this essay, I attempt to provide supporting evidence as well as some balance for the thesis on `Transforming socio-economics with a new epistemology' presented by Hollingworth and Mueller (2008). First, I review a personal highlight of…

Physics and Society · Physics 2014-08-26 D. Sornette