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From the perspective of expressive power, this work compares multi-layer Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) with a simplified alternative that we call Graph-Augmented Multi-Layer Perceptrons (GA-MLPs), which first augments node features with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-03 Lei Chen , Zhengdao Chen , Joan Bruna

The expressive power of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) is often analysed via correspondence to the Weisfeiler-Leman (WL) algorithm and fragments of first-order logic. Standard GNNs are limited to performing aggregation over immediate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Huan Luo , Jonni Virtema

The expressive power of message passing neural networks (MPNNs) is known to match the expressive power of the 1-dimensional Weisfeiler-Leman graph (1-WL) isomorphism test. To boost the expressive power of MPNNs, a number of graph neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-18 Floris Geerts

The study of Graph Neural Networks has received considerable interest in the past few years. By extending deep learning to graph-structured data, GNNs can solve a diverse set of tasks in fields including social science, chemistry, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Ashwin Nalwade , Kelly Marshall , Axel Eladi , Umang Sharma

In recent years, there has been a significant amount of research focused on expanding the expressivity of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) beyond the Weisfeiler-Lehman (1-WL) framework. While many of these studies have yielded advancements in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Shouheng Li , Dongwoo Kim , Qing Wang

Designing expressive Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) is a central topic in learning graph-structured data. While numerous approaches have been proposed to improve GNNs in terms of the Weisfeiler-Lehman (WL) test, generally there is still a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Bohang Zhang , Shengjie Luo , Liwei Wang , Di He

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have been widely used in representation learning on graphs and achieved state-of-the-art performance in tasks such as node classification and link prediction. However, most existing GNNs are designed to learn…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-06 Seongjun Yun , Minbyul Jeong , Raehyun Kim , Jaewoo Kang , Hyunwoo J. Kim

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have been widely used in graph-related contexts. It is known that the separation power of GNNs is equivalent to that of the Weisfeiler-Lehman (WL) test; hence, GNNs are imperfect at identifying all…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Ziang Chen , Qiao Zhang , Runzhong Wang

Characterizing the separation power of graph neural networks (GNNs) provides an understanding of their limitations for graph learning tasks. Results regarding separation power are, however, usually geared at specific GNN architectures, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Floris Geerts , Juan L. Reutter

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are powerful machine learning models for various graph learning tasks. Recently, the limitations of the expressive power of various GNN models have been revealed. For example, GNNs cannot distinguish some…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-19 Ryoma Sato , Makoto Yamada , Hisashi Kashima

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are a widely used class of machine learning models for graph-structured data, based on local aggregation over neighbors. GNNs have close connections to logic. In particular, their expressive power is linked to…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Arie Soeteman , Michael Benedikt , Martin Grohe , Balder ten Cate

Graph neural networks (GNNs) can effectively model structural information of graphs, making them widely used in knowledge graph (KG) reasoning. However, existing studies on the expressive power of GNNs mainly focuses on simple…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Han Yu , Xiaojuan Zhao , Aiping Li , Kai Chen , Ziniu Liu , Zhichao Peng

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are among the most powerful tools in deep learning. They routinely solve complex problems on unstructured networks, such as node classification, graph classification, or link prediction, with high accuracy.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Maciej Besta , Torsten Hoefler

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have achieved tremendous success in graph mining. However, the inability of GNNs to model substructures in graphs remains a significant drawback. Specifically, message-passing GNNs (MPGNNs), as the prevailing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-08 Qingqing Long , Yilun Jin , Yi Wu , Guojie Song

Graph data, with its structurally variable nature, represents complex real-world phenomena like chemical compounds, protein structures, and social networks. Traditional Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) primarily utilize the message-passing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Jianming Huang , Hiroyuki Kasai

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) show strong expressive power on graph data mining, by aggregating information from neighbors and using the integrated representation in the downstream tasks. The same aggregation methods and parameters for each…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Xiaojun Ma , Qin Chen , Yuanyi Ren , Guojie Song , Liang Wang

A wide range of models have been proposed for Graph Generative Models, necessitating effective methods to evaluate their quality. So far, most techniques use either traditional metrics based on subgraph counting, or the representations of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-06-14 Hamed Shirzad , Kaveh Hassani , Danica J. Sutherland

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are effective tools for graph representation learning. Most GNNs rely on a recursive neighborhood aggregation scheme, named message passing, thereby their theoretical expressive power is limited to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Dingmin Wang , Shengchao Liu , Hanchen Wang , Bernardo Cuenca Grau , Linfeng Song , Jian Tang , Song Le , Qi Liu

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are the predominant approach for graph-based machine learning. While neural networks have shown great performance at learning useful representations, they are often criticized for their limited high-level…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Markus Zopf , Francesco Alesiani

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are the standard for learning on graphs, yet they have limited expressive power, often expressed in terms of the Weisfeiler-Leman (WL) hierarchy or within the framework of first-order logic. In this context,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Amirreza Akbari , Amauri H. Souza , Vikas Garg