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Generalization error (also known as the out-of-sample error) measures how well the hypothesis learned from training data generalizes to previously unseen data. Proving tight generalization error bounds is a central question in statistical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-03 Jian Li , Xuanyuan Luo , Mingda Qiao

Federated learning (FL) is an emerging paradigm that permits a large number of clients with heterogeneous data to coordinate learning of a unified global model without the need to share data amongst each other. A major challenge in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Irene Tenison , Sai Aravind Sreeramadas , Vaikkunth Mugunthan , Edouard Oyallon , Irina Rish , Eugene Belilovsky

Batch Normalization (BN) is widely used in {centralized} deep learning to improve convergence and generalization. However, in {federated} learning (FL) with decentralized data, prior work has observed that training with BN could hinder…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Jike Zhong , Hong-You Chen , Wei-Lun Chao

Today data is often scattered among billions of resource-constrained edge devices with security and privacy constraints. Federated Learning (FL) has emerged as a viable solution to learn a global model while keeping data private, but the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-08 Sijie Cheng , Jingwen Wu , Yanghua Xiao , Yang Liu , Yang Liu

This note examines the behavior of generalization capabilities - as defined by out-of-sample mean squared error (MSE) - of Linear Gaussian (with a fixed design matrix) and Linear Least Squares regression. Particularly, we consider a…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-09-21 Karthik Duraisamy

A significant bottleneck in federated learning (FL) is the network communication cost of sending model updates from client devices to the central server. We present a comprehensive empirical study of the statistics of model updates in FL,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-23 Nicole Mitchell , Johannes Ballé , Zachary Charles , Jakub Konečný

Federated learning (FL) is a useful tool that enables the training of machine learning models over distributed data without having to collect data centrally. When deploying FL in constrained wireless environments, however, intermittent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Jake B. Perazzone , Shiqiang Wang , Mingyue Ji , Kevin Chan

Modern big-data systems generate massive, heterogeneous, and geographically dispersed streams that are large-scale and privacy-sensitive, making centralization challenging. While federated learning (FL) provides a privacy-enhancing training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Obaidullah Zaland , Zulfiqar Ahmad Khan , Monowar Bhuyan

Federated Learning (FL) is a promising technique for the collaborative training of deep neural networks across multiple devices while preserving data privacy. Despite its potential benefits, FL is hindered by excessive communication costs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Vasileios Tsouvalas , Aaqib Saeed , Tanir Ozcelebi , Nirvana Meratnia

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) with local data is a widely adopted approach for organizations seeking to adapt LLMs to their specific domains. Given the shared characteristics in data across different organizations, the idea of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Wenkai Guo , Xuefeng Liu , Haolin Wang , Jianwei Niu , Shaojie Tang , Jing Yuan

Efficient Federated learning (FL) is crucial for training deep networks over devices with limited compute resources and bounded networks. With the advent of big data, devices either generate or collect multimodal data to train either…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Sahil Tyagi

As people pay more and more attention to privacy protection, Federated Learning (FL), as a promising distributed machine learning paradigm, is receiving more and more attention. However, due to the biased distribution of data on devices in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-27 Yuquan Zhang , Yongquan Zhang

It is well understood that client-master communication can be a primary bottleneck in Federated Learning. In this work, we address this issue with a novel client subsampling scheme, where we restrict the number of clients allowed to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-23 Wenlin Chen , Samuel Horvath , Peter Richtarik

Federated learning (FL) enables a set of entities to collaboratively train a machine learning model without sharing their sensitive data, thus, mitigating some privacy concerns. However, an increasing number of works in the literature…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-01-04 Aidmar Wainakh , Ephraim Zimmer , Sandeep Subedi , Jens Keim , Tim Grube , Shankar Karuppayah , Alejandro Sanchez Guinea , Max Mühlhäuser

In contrast to training traditional machine learning (ML) models in data centers, federated learning (FL) trains ML models over local datasets contained on resource-constrained heterogeneous edge devices. Existing FL algorithms aim to learn…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-13 El Houcine Bergou , Konstantin Burlachenko , Aritra Dutta , Peter Richtárik

Mobile devices, including smartphones and laptops, generate decentralized and heterogeneous data, presenting significant challenges for traditional centralized machine learning models due to substantial communication costs and privacy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Mayank Kumar Kundalwal , Anurag Saraswat , Ishan Mishra , Deepak Mishra

Federated learning (FL) enables distributed clients to collaboratively train a machine learning model without sharing raw data with each other. However, it suffers the leakage of private information from uploading models. In addition, as…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-12-25 Kang Wei , Jun Li , Chuan Ma , Ming Ding , Feng Shu , Haitao Zhao , Wen Chen , Hongbo Zhu

An information-theoretic upper bound on the generalization error of supervised learning algorithms is derived. The bound is constructed in terms of the mutual information between each individual training sample and the output of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-06 Yuheng Bu , Shaofeng Zou , Venugopal V. Veeravalli

Overfitting data is a well-known phenomenon related with the generation of a model that mimics too closely (or exactly) a particular instance of data, and may therefore fail to predict future observations reliably. In practice, this…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-04-14 Matias Vera , Leonardo Rey Vega , Pablo Piantanida

Federated Learning (FL) emerged as a learning method to enable the server to train models over data distributed among various clients. These clients are protective about their data being leaked to the server, any other client, or an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-27 Uday Bhaskar , Varul Srivastava , Avyukta Manjunatha Vummintala , Naresh Manwani , Sujit Gujar