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Related papers: Explaining Reinforcement Learning with Shapley Val…

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Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a popular machine learning paradigm where intelligent agents interact with the environment to fulfill a long-term goal. Driven by the resurgence of deep learning, Deep RL (DRL) has witnessed great success over…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Yunpeng Qing , Shunyu Liu , Jie Song , Yang Zhou , Kaixuan Chen , Huiqiong Wang , Mingli Song

An important property for lifelong-learning agents is the ability to combine existing skills to solve unseen tasks. In general, however, it is unclear how to compose skills in a principled way. We provide a "recipe" for optimal value…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-13 Benjamin van Niekerk , Steven James , Adam Earle , Benjamin Rosman

How can we design good goals for arbitrarily intelligent agents? Reinforcement learning (RL) is a natural approach. Unfortunately, RL does not work well for generally intelligent agents, as RL agents are incentivised to shortcut the reward…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-05-11 Tom Everitt , Marcus Hutter

In user-agent interaction scenarios such as recommendation, brainstorming, and code suggestion, Large Language Models (LLMs) often generate sets of candidate recommendations where the objective is to maximize the collective utility of the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Rui Ai , Yu Pan , David Simchi-Levi , Chonghuan Wang

Reinforcement learning (RL) combines a control problem with statistical estimation: The system dynamics are not known to the agent, but can be learned through experience. A recent line of research casts `RL as inference' and suggests a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-05 Brendan O'Donoghue , Ian Osband , Catalin Ionescu

Shapley values underlie one of the most popular model-agnostic methods within explainable artificial intelligence. These values are designed to attribute the difference between a model's prediction and an average baseline to the different…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-11-04 Tom Heskes , Evi Sijben , Ioan Gabriel Bucur , Tom Claassen

Reinforcement learning problems are often described through rewards that indicate if an agent has completed some task. This specification can yield desirable behavior, however many problems are difficult to specify in this manner, as one…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-08-15 Ashley Edwards , Charles Isbell , Atsuo Takanishi

Explainable reinforcement learning (XRL) is an emerging subfield of explainable machine learning that has attracted considerable attention in recent years. The goal of XRL is to elucidate the decision-making process of learning agents in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-18 Stephanie Milani , Nicholay Topin , Manuela Veloso , Fei Fang

The proliferation of large models has intensified the need for efficient data valuation methods to quantify the contribution of individual data providers. Traditional approaches, such as game-theory-based Shapley value and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Le Ma , Shirao Yang , Zihao Wang , Yinggui Wang , Lei Wang , Tao Wei , Kejun Zhang

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has demonstrated substantial potential across diverse fields, yet understanding its decision-making process, especially in real-world scenarios where rationality and safety are paramount, is an ongoing challenge.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Yu Xiong , Zhipeng Hu , Ye Huang , Runze Wu , Kai Guan , Xingchen Fang , Ji Jiang , Tianze Zhou , Yujing Hu , Haoyu Liu , Tangjie Lyu , Changjie Fan

The enormous growth of the complexity of modern computer systems leads to an increasing demand for techniques that support the comprehensibility of systems. This has motivated the very active research field of formal methods that enhance…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Christel Baier , Sascha Klüppelholz , Johannes Lehmann

The potential of reinforcement learning (RL) to deliver aligned and performant agents is partially bottlenecked by the reward engineering problem. One alternative to heuristic trial-and-error is preference-based RL (PbRL), where a reward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-22 Tom Bewley , Freddy Lecue

Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents often exhibit learning behaviors that are not intuitively interpretable by human observers, which can result in suboptimal feedback in collaborative teaching settings. Yet, how humans perceive and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Bernhard Hilpert , Muhan Hou , Kim Baraka , Joost Broekens

Distributional data Shapley value (DShapley) has recently been proposed as a principled framework to quantify the contribution of individual datum in machine learning. DShapley develops the foundational game theory concept of Shapley values…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-02-19 Yongchan Kwon , Manuel A. Rivas , James Zou

We introduce a variable importance measure to quantify the impact of individual input variables to a black box function. Our measure is based on the Shapley value from cooperative game theory. Many measures of variable importance operate by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-05 Masayoshi Mase , Art B. Owen , Benjamin Seiler

Can we predict how well a team of individuals will perform together? How should individuals be rewarded for their contributions to the team performance? Cooperative game theory gives us a powerful set of tools for answering these questions:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-18 Tom Yan , Christian Kroer , Alexander Peysakhovich

Model-based reinforcement learning (MBRL) has recently gained immense interest due to its potential for sample efficiency and ability to incorporate off-policy data. However, designing stable and efficient MBRL algorithms using rich…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-12 Aravind Rajeswaran , Igor Mordatch , Vikash Kumar

We consider an extended notion of reinforcement learning in which the environment can simulate the agent and base its outputs on the agent's hypothetical behavior. Since good performance usually requires paying attention to whatever things…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-07-21 Samuel Allen Alexander , Michael Castaneda , Kevin Compher , Oscar Martinez

Safe reinforcement learning (SafeRL) is a prominent paradigm for autonomous driving, where agents are required to optimize performance under strict safety requirements. This dual objective creates a fundamental tension, as overly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Mahesh Keswani , Raunak Bhattacharyya

We consider an investment process that includes a number of features, each of which can be active or inactive. Our goal is to attribute or decompose an achieved performance to each of these features, plus a baseline value. There are many…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2021-02-12 Nicholas Moehle , Stephen Boyd , Andrew Ang