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Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to mitigate performance degradation under distribution shifts by updating model parameters during inference. Existing approaches have primarily framed adaptation around affine modulation, focusing on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Hyeongyu Kim , Geonhui Han , Dosik Hwang

State Space Models (SSMs) have emerged as efficient alternatives to Vision Transformers (ViTs), with VMamba standing out as a pioneering architecture designed for vision tasks. However, their generalization performance degrades…

Test-time adaptation (TTA) has recently emerged as a promising approach for improving time series forecasting (TSF) under distribution shift. Existing TSF-TTA methods differ in how they utilize revealed targets, yet the resulting adaptation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Haochun Wang , Ruichen Xu , Georgios Kementzidis , Karen Cho , Sebastian Ramirez Villarreal , Yuefan Deng

Test-time adaptation aims to adapt pre-trained deep neural networks using solely online unlabelled test data during inference. Although TTA has shown promise in visual applications, its potential in time series contexts remains largely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-06 Peiliang Gong , Mohamed Ragab , Min Wu , Zhenghua Chen , Yongyi Su , Xiaoli Li , Daoqiang Zhang

Real-world time series often exhibit a non-stationary nature, degrading the performance of pre-trained forecasting models. Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) addresses this by adjusting models during inference, but existing methods typically update…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Heitor R. Medeiros , Hossein Sharifi-Noghabi , Gabriel L. Oliveira , Saghar Irandoust

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) for black-box models accessible only via APIs remains a largely unexplored challenge. Existing approaches such as post-hoc output refinement offer limited adaptive capacity, while Zeroth-Order Optimization (ZOO)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Yunbei Zhang , Shuaicheng Niu , Chengyi Cai , Feng Liu , Jihun Hamm

Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) involves adapting a pre-trained source model to continually changing unsupervised target domains. In this paper, we systematically analyze the challenges of this task: online environment, unsupervised…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Zhilin Zhu , Xiaopeng Hong , Zhiheng Ma , Weijun Zhuang , Yaohui Ma , Yong Dai , Yaowei Wang

Person re-identification (re-id), which aims to retrieve images of the same person in a given image from a database, is one of the most practical image recognition applications. In the real world, however, the environments that the images…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Kazuki Adachi , Shohei Enomoto , Taku Sasaki , Shin'ya Yamaguchi

Continual Test-time adaptation (CTTA) continuously adapts the deployed model on every incoming batch of data. While achieving optimal accuracy, existing CTTA approaches present poor real-world applicability on resource-constrained edge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Xiao Ma , Young D. Kwon , Dong Ma

Test-time adaptation (TTA) has emerged as a viable solution to adapt pre-trained models to domain shifts using unlabeled test data. However, TTA faces challenges of adaptation failures due to its reliance on blind adaptation to unknown test…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Taeckyung Lee , Sorn Chottananurak , Taesik Gong , Sung-Ju Lee

Test-time adaptation (TTA) updates the model weights during the inference stage using testing data to enhance generalization. However, this practice exposes TTA to adversarial risks. Existing studies have shown that when TTA is updated with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Yongyi Su , Yushu Li , Nanqing Liu , Kui Jia , Xulei Yang , Chuan-Sheng Foo , Xun Xu

Test-time adaptation (TTA) methods, which generally rely on the model's predictions (e.g., entropy minimization) to adapt the source pretrained model to the unlabeled target domain, suffer from noisy signals originating from 1) incorrect or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Jungsoo Lee , Debasmit Das , Jaegul Choo , Sungha Choi

Test-time adaptation (TTA) of 3D point clouds is crucial for mitigating discrepancies between training and testing samples in real-world scenarios, particularly when handling corrupted point clouds. LiDAR data, for instance, can be affected…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Hamidreza Dastmalchi , Aijun An , Ali Cheraghian , Shafin Rahman , Sameera Ramasinghe

Many recent machine learning tasks focus to develop models that can generalize to unseen distributions. Domain generalization (DG) has become one of the key topics in various fields. Several literatures show that DG can be arbitrarily hard…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Yi-Fan Zhang , Xue Wang , Kexin Jin , Kun Yuan , Zhang Zhang , Liang Wang , Rong Jin , Tieniu Tan

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) aims to mitigate distributional shifts between training and test domains during inference time. However, existing TTA methods fall short in the realistic scenario where models face both continually changing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Yingkai Yang , Chaoqi Chen , Hui Huang

Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) is crucial for deploying models in real-world applications with unseen, evolving target domains. Existing CTTA methods, however, often rely on source data or prototypes, limiting their applicability in…

Test Time Adaptation (TTA) has emerged as a practical solution to mitigate the performance degradation of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) in the presence of corruption/ noise affecting inputs. Existing approaches in TTA continuously adapt the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-23 Shahriar Rifat , Jonathan Ashdown , Francesco Restuccia

Test-time adaptation (TTA) refers to adapting a classifier for the test data when the probability distribution of the test data slightly differs from that of the training data of the model. To the best of our knowledge, most of the existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Sravan Danda , Aditya Challa , Shlok Mehendale , Snehanshu Saha

Test Time Adaptation (TTA) addresses the problem of distribution shift by adapting a pretrained model to a new domain during inference. When faced with challenging shifts, most methods collapse and perform worse than the original pretrained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Sabyasachi Sahoo , Mostafa ElAraby , Jonas Ngnawe , Yann Pequignot , Frederic Precioso , Christian Gagne

Deep Learning-based end-to-end Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) has made significant strides but still struggles with performance on out-of-domain samples due to domain shifts in real-world scenarios. Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) methods…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-04 Guan-Ting Lin , Wei-Ping Huang , Hung-yi Lee
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