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Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has achieved significant breakthroughs in various tasks. However, most DRL algorithms suffer a problem of generalizing the learned policy which makes the learning performance largely affected even by minor…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-11 Zhengyao Jiang , Shan Luo

Solving multi-objective optimization problems is important in various applications where users are interested in obtaining optimal policies subject to multiple, yet often conflicting objectives. A typical approach to obtain optimal policies…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-09-27 Huixin Zhan , Yongcan Cao

To achieve general intelligence, agents must learn how to interact with others in a shared environment: this is the challenge of multiagent reinforcement learning (MARL). The simplest form is independent reinforcement learning (InRL), where…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-11-08 Marc Lanctot , Vinicius Zambaldi , Audrunas Gruslys , Angeliki Lazaridou , Karl Tuyls , Julien Perolat , David Silver , Thore Graepel

Recent years have witnessed significant advances in reinforcement learning (RL), which has registered great success in solving various sequential decision-making problems in machine learning. Most of the successful RL applications, e.g.,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-30 Kaiqing Zhang , Zhuoran Yang , Tamer Başar

While reinforcement learning methods have delivered remarkable results in a number of settings, generalization, i.e., the ability to produce policies that generalize in a reliable and systematic way, has remained a challenge. The problem of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Simon Ståhlberg , Blai Bonet , Hector Geffner

We study the scalable multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) with general utilities, defined as nonlinear functions of the team's long-term state-action occupancy measure. The objective is to find a localized policy that maximizes the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Donghao Ying , Yuhao Ding , Alec Koppel , Javad Lavaei

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) has become a powerful framework for numerous real-world applications, modeling distributed decision-making and learning from interactions with complex environments. Resource Allocation Optimization…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Mohamad A. Hady , Siyi Hu , Mahardhika Pratama , Jimmy Cao , Ryszard Kowalczyk

RL with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has emerged as a promising paradigm for improving the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs). Current methods rely primarily on policy optimization frameworks like PPO and GRPO, which follow…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Haoran He , Yuxiao Ye , Qingpeng Cai , Chen Hu , Binxing Jiao , Daxin Jiang , Ling Pan

Deep neural networks coupled with fast simulation and improved computation have led to recent successes in the field of reinforcement learning (RL). However, most current RL-based approaches fail to generalize since: (a) the gap between…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-03-09 Lerrel Pinto , James Davidson , Rahul Sukthankar , Abhinav Gupta

Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has emerged as a promising critic-free reinforcement learning paradigm for reasoning tasks. However, standard GRPO employs a coarse-grained credit assignment mechanism that propagates group-level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Ziheng Li , Liu Kang , Feng Xiao , Luxi Xing , Qingyi Si , Zhuoran Li , Weikang Gong , Deqing Yang , Yanghua Xiao , Hongcheng Guo

Latent reasoning offers a more efficient alternative to explicit reasoning by compressing intermediate reasoning into continuous representations and substantially shortening reasoning chains. However, existing latent reasoning methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Jingcheng Deng , Zihao Wei , Liang Pang , Junhong Wu , Shicheng Xu , Zenghao Duan , Huawei Shen

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has been increasingly explored to learn the cooperative policy towards maximizing a certain global reward. Many existing studies take advantage of graph neural networks (GNN) in MARL to propagate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-25 Wenlei Shi , Xinran Wei , Jia Zhang , Xiaoyuan Ni , Arthur Jiang , Jiang Bian , Tie-Yan Liu

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has become a practical route to improve large language model reasoning, and Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) is a widely used optimizer in this setting. However, RLVR training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Tue Le , Linh Ngo Van , Trung Le

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR), primarily driven by the Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) algorithm, is a leading approach for enhancing the reasoning abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). Despite its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Kangqi Ni , Zhen Tan , Zijie Liu , Pingzhi Li , Tianlong Chen

Embodied robotic systems increasingly rely on large language model (LLM)-based agents to support high-level reasoning, planning, and decision-making during interactions with the environment. However, invoking LLM reasoning introduces…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable reasoning capabilities in mathematical and scientific tasks. To enhance complex reasoning, multi-agent systems have been proposed to harness the collective intelligence of LLM agents.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Zhenyu Bi , Meng Lu , Yang Li , Swastik Roy , Weijie Guan , Morteza Ziyadi , Xuan Wang

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have shown that reasoning ability can be significantly enhanced through Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR). Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has emerged as the de…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Jingyu Zhou , Lu Ma , Hao Liang , Chengyu Shen , Bin Cui , Wentao Zhang

Designing models that can learn to reason in a systematic way is an important and long-standing challenge. In recent years, a wide range of solutions have been proposed for the specific case of systematic relational reasoning, including…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Anirban Das , Irtaza Khalid , Rafael Peñaloza , Steven Schockaert

This paper studies a distributed policy gradient in collaborative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), where agents over a communication network aim to find the optimal policy to maximize the average of all agents' local returns. Due…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-12-06 Xiaoxiao Zhao , Jinlong Lei , Li Li , Jie Chen

Relative overgeneralization (RO) is a pathology that can arise in cooperative multi-agent tasks when the optimal joint action's utility falls below that of a sub-optimal joint action. RO can cause the agents to get stuck into local optima…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Lin Shi , Qiyuan Liu , Bei Peng