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This paper presents the current state of mathematical modelling of the electrochemical behaviour of lithium-ion batteries as they are charged and discharged. It reviews the models developed by Newman and co-workers, both in the cases of…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2020-02-04 Giles W Richardson , Jamie M Foster , Rahifa Ranom , Colin P Please , Angel M Ramos

The recent geopolitical crisis resulted in a gas price surge. Although lithium-ion batteries represent the best available rechargeable battery technology, a significant energy and power density gap exists between LIBs and petrol/gasoline.…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Dibakar Datta

The design and performance of liquid metal batteries, a new technology for grid-scale energy storage, depend on fluid mechanics because the battery electrodes and electrolytes are entirely liquid. Here we review prior and current research…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2017-10-10 Douglas H. Kelley , Tom Weier

Liquid Metal Batteries (LMBs) are a promising grid-scale energy storage technology that offer low costs per kilowatt-hour, high energy and current densities, as well as low fade rates. The all-liquid composition of the batteries, as well as…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2021-05-27 Declan Finn Keogh , Victoria Timchenko , John Reizes , Chris Menictas

Sodium-ion batteries exhibit significant promise as a viable alternative to current lithium-ion technologies owing to their sustainability, low cost per energy density, reliability, and safety. Despite recent advancements in cathode…

The use of transition group metals in electric batteries requires extensive usage of critical elements like lithium, cobalt and nickel, which poses significant environmental challenges. Replacing these metals with redox-active organic…

Materials Science · Physics 2025-07-02 Subhash V. S. Ganti , Lukas Woelfel , Christopher Kuenneth

Zinc-based batteries offer good volumetric energy densities and are compatible with environmentally friendly aqueous electrolytes. Zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) rely on a lithium-ion-like Zn$^{2+}$-shuttle, which enables higher roundtrip…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2023-12-11 Niklas J. Herrmann , Holger Euchner , Axel Groß , Birger Horstmann

All solid state batteries are claimed to be the next-generation battery system, in view of their safety accompanied by high energy densities. A new advanced, multiscale compatible, and fully three dimensional model for solid electrolytes is…

Applied Physics · Physics 2022-03-15 L. Cabras , D. Danilov , W. Subber , V. Oancea , A. Salvadori

This study provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in electrochemical energy storage, including Na+ -ion, metal-ion, and metal-air batteries, alongside innovations in electrode engineering, electrolytes, and solid-electrolyte…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-30 Abderaouf Bahi , Amel Ourici , Chaima Lagraa , Siham Lameche , Soundess Halimi , Inoussa Mouiche , Ylias Sabri , Waseem Haider , Mohamed Trari

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) of high energy density and light-weight design, have found wide applications in electronic devices and systems. Degradation mechanisms that caused by lithiation is a main challenging problem for LIBs with high…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2020-06-26 Masoud Ahmadi

For longer than one decade, liquid metal batteries (LMBs) are developed with the primary aim to provide economic stationary energy storage. Featuring two liquid metal electrodes separated by a molten salt electrolyte, LMBs operate at…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2022-02-08 Paolo Personnettaz , Tanja Sophia Klopper , Norbert Weber , Tom Weier

Liquid metal batteries are proposed for low-cost grid scale energy storage. During their operation, solid intermetallic phases often form in the cathode and are known to limit the capacity of the cell. Fluid flow in the liquid electrodes…

We present a novel laboratory setup for studying the fluid dynamics in liquid metal batteries (LMBs). LMBs are a promising technology suited for grid-scale energy storage, but flows remain a confounding factor in determining their…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2022-11-09 Jonathan S Cheng , Bitong Wang , Ibrahim Mohammad , Jarod M Forer , Douglas H Kelley

A rechargeable lithium metal battery (LMB), which uses metallic lithium at the anode, is among the most promising technologies for next generation electrochemical energy storage devices due to its high energy density, particularly when Li…

Materials Science · Physics 2016-04-15 Lin Ma , Mun Sek Kim , Lynden A. Archer

With the importance of Li-ion and emerging alternative batteries to our electric future, predicting new sustainable materials, electrolytes and complete cells that safely provide high performance, long life, energy dense capability is…

Materials Science · Physics 2022-07-26 Alex Grant , Colm O'Dwyer

The penetrations of lithium-ion batteries in transport, energy and communication systems are increasing rapidly. A meticulous model applicable for precise in-situ monitoring and convenient online controlling is in sought to bridge the gap…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-22 Yuxuan Gu , Jianxiao Wang , Yuanbo Chen , Zhongwei Deng , Hongye Guo , Kedi Zheng , Qixin Chen

Nickel/zinc (Ni/Zn) technology is a promising post-lithium battery type for stationary applications with respect to aspects such as safety, environmental compatibility and resource availability. Although this battery type has been known for…

The rolling pad instability is caused by electromagnetic interactions in systems of horizontal layers with strongly different electric conductivities. We analyze the instability for a simplified model of a liquid metal battery (LMB), a…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2020-01-08 Linyan Xiang , Oleg Zikanov

Gas diffusion electrodes are commonly used in high energy density metal-air batteries for the supply of oxygen. Hydrophobic binder materials ensure the coexistence of gas and liquid phase in the pore network. The phase distribution has a…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2017-02-16 Timo Danner , Santhana Eswara , Volker P. Schulz , Arnulf Latz

Deep learning (DL) has indeed emerged as a powerful tool for rapidly and accurately predicting materials properties from big data, such as the design of current commercial Li-ion batteries. However, its practical utility for multivalent…

Materials Science · Physics 2022-01-13 Xiuying Zhang , Jun Zhou , Jing Lu , Lei Shen