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Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have long been an architecture of interest for computational models of human sentence processing. The recently introduced Transformer architecture outperforms RNNs on many natural language processing tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-31 Danny Merkx , Stefan L. Frank

The Transformer architecture has achieved significant success in natural language processing, motivating its adaptation to computer vision tasks. Unlike convolutional neural networks, vision transformers inherently capture long-range…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Zherui Zhang , Rongtao Xu , Jie Zhou , Changwei Wang , Xingtian Pei , Wenhao Xu , Jiguang Zhang , Li Guo , Longxiang Gao , Wenbo Xu , Shibiao Xu

In recent years, deep neural networks, including Convolutional Neural Networks, Transformers, and State Space Models, have achieved significant progress in Remote Sensing Image (RSI) Super-Resolution (SR). However, existing SR methods…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-18 Qiwei Zhu , Kai Li , Guojing Zhang , Xiaoying Wang , Jianqiang Huang , Xilai Li

We develop hybrid memory architectures for general-purpose sequence processing neural networks, that combine key-value memory using softmax attention (KV-memory) with fast weight memory through dynamic synaptic modulation (FW-memory) -- the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Kazuki Irie , Morris Yau , Samuel J. Gershman

Transformers based on the attention mechanism have achieved impressive success in various areas. However, the attention mechanism has a quadratic complexity, significantly impeding Transformers from dealing with numerous tokens and scaling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-17 Haixu Wu , Jialong Wu , Jiehui Xu , Jianmin Wang , Mingsheng Long

Continuous value prediction plays a crucial role in industrial-scale recommendation systems, including tasks such as predicting users' watch-time and estimating the gross merchandise value (GMV) in e-commerce transactions. However, it…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Runpeng Cui , Zhipeng Sun , Chi Lu , Peng Jiang

Transformers face quadratic complexity and memory issues with long sequences, prompting the adoption of linear attention mechanisms using fixed-size hidden states. However, linear models often suffer from limited recall performance, leading…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Dustin Wang , Rui-Jie Zhu , Steven Abreu , Yong Shan , Taylor Kergan , Yuqi Pan , Yuhong Chou , Zheng Li , Ge Zhang , Wenhao Huang , Jason Eshraghian

Transformers are a widespread and successful model architecture, particularly in Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Computer Vision (CV). The essential innovation of this architecture is the Attention Mechanism, which solves the problem…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Bernhard Bermeitinger , Tomas Hrycej , Massimo Pavone , Julianus Kath , Siegfried Handschuh

Video prediction (VP) generates future frames by leveraging spatial representations and temporal context from past frames. Traditional recurrent neural network (RNN)-based models enhance memory cell structures to capture spatiotemporal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Yuseon Kim , Kyongseok Park

Sequence prediction and classification are ubiquitous and challenging problems in machine learning that can require identifying complex dependencies between temporally distant inputs. Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) have the ability, in…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2014-02-17 Jan Koutník , Klaus Greff , Faustino Gomez , Jürgen Schmidhuber

In this work, we propose Retentive Network (RetNet) as a foundation architecture for large language models, simultaneously achieving training parallelism, low-cost inference, and good performance. We theoretically derive the connection…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Yutao Sun , Li Dong , Shaohan Huang , Shuming Ma , Yuqing Xia , Jilong Xue , Jianyong Wang , Furu Wei

Linear-attention models that compress the entire input sequence into a fixed-size recurrent state offer an efficient alternative to Transformers, but their finite memory induces forgetfulness that harms retrieval-intensive tasks. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Mutian He , Philip N. Garner

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in scenarios demanding ultra-long context reasoning, such as agentic workflows and deep research understanding. However, long-context inference is constrained by the KV cache, a…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Jianlong Lei , Shashikant Ilager

Recursion is a prominent feature of human language, and fundamentally challenging for self-attention due to the lack of an explicit recursive-state tracking mechanism. Consequently, Transformer language models poorly capture long-tail…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Shikhar Murty , Pratyusha Sharma , Jacob Andreas , Christopher D. Manning

Multi-head attention is a driving force behind state-of-the-art transformers, which achieve remarkable performance across a variety of natural language processing (NLP) and computer vision tasks. It has been observed that for many…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-14 Tam Nguyen , Tan M. Nguyen , Dung D. Le , Duy Khuong Nguyen , Viet-Anh Tran , Richard G. Baraniuk , Nhat Ho , Stanley J. Osher

Transformer networks, driven by self-attention, are central to Large Language Models. In generative Transformers, self-attention uses cache memory to store token projections, avoiding recomputation at each time step. However, GPU-stored…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Nathan Leroux , Paul-Philipp Manea , Chirag Sudarshan , Jan Finkbeiner , Sebastian Siegel , John Paul Strachan , Emre Neftci

Self-attention model have shown its flexibility in parallel computation and the effectiveness on modeling both long- and short-term dependencies. However, it calculates the dependencies between representations without considering the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-02-18 Baosong Yang , Jian Li , Derek Wong , Lidia S. Chao , Xing Wang , Zhaopeng Tu

Transformer-based models are unable to process long sequences due to their self-attention operation, which scales quadratically with the sequence length. To address this limitation, we introduce the Longformer with an attention mechanism…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-03 Iz Beltagy , Matthew E. Peters , Arman Cohan

Efficient real-world deployments of large language models (LLMs) rely on Key-Value (KV) caching for processing and generating long outputs, reducing the need for repetitive computation. For large contexts, Key-Value caches can take up tens…

The success of the self-attention mechanism in classical machine learning models has inspired the development of quantum analogs aimed at reducing computational overhead. Self-attention integrates learnable query and key matrices to…