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Pretrained language models can be queried for factual knowledge, with potential applications in knowledge base acquisition and tasks that require inference. However, for that, we need to know how reliable this knowledge is, and recent work…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Constanza Fierro , Anders Søgaard

Recently, it has been found that monolingual English language models can be used as knowledge bases. Instead of structural knowledge base queries, masked sentences such as "Paris is the capital of [MASK]" are used as probes. We translate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-02 Nora Kassner , Philipp Dufter , Hinrich Schütze

In this work, we assess the ability of foundation models to recall encyclopedic knowledge across a wide range of linguistic contexts. To support this, we: 1) produce a 20-language dataset that contains 303k factual associations paired with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Tim Schott , Daniel Furman , Shreshta Bhat

For multilingual factual knowledge assessment of LLMs, benchmarks such as MLAMA use template translations that do not take into account the grammatical and semantic information of the named entities inserted in the sentence. This leads to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Kirill Semenov , Rico Sennrich

Pretrained language models (PLMs) have motivated research on what kinds of knowledge these models learn. Fill-in-the-blanks problem (e.g., cloze tests) is a natural approach for gauging such knowledge. BioLAMA generates prompts for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-26 Zonghai Yao , Yi Cao , Zhichao Yang , Hong Yu

The rise of digital misinformation has heightened interest in using multilingual Large Language Models (LLMs) for fact-checking. This study systematically evaluates translation bias and the effectiveness of LLMs for cross-lingual claim…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Aryan Singhal , Veronica Shao , Gary Sun , Ryan Ding , Jonathan Lu , Kevin Zhu

In our era of widespread false information, human fact-checkers often face the challenge of duplicating efforts when verifying claims that may have already been addressed in other countries or languages. As false information transcends…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Ivan Vykopal , Matúš Pikuliak , Simon Ostermann , Tatiana Anikina , Michal Gregor , Marián Šimko

Factuality is a necessary precursor to useful educational tools. As adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs) in education continues of grow, ensuring correctness in all settings is paramount. Despite their strong English capabilities, LLM…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Yuval Kansal , Shmuel Berman , Lydia Liu

This paper introduces PRobELM (Plausibility Ranking Evaluation for Language Models), a benchmark designed to assess language models' ability to discern more plausible from less plausible scenarios through their parametric knowledge. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Zhangdie Yuan , Eric Chamoun , Rami Aly , Chenxi Whitehouse , Andreas Vlachos

As the reach of large language models (LMs) expands globally, their ability to cater to diverse cultural contexts becomes crucial. Despite advancements in multilingual capabilities, models are not designed with appropriate cultural nuances.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Tarek Naous , Michael J. Ryan , Alan Ritter , Wei Xu

Multilingual Large Language Models (LLMs) offer powerful capabilities for cross-lingual fact-checking. However, these models often exhibit language bias, performing disproportionately better on high-resource languages such as English than…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Ivan Vykopal , Antonia Karamolegkou , Jaroslav Kopčan , Qiwei Peng , Tomáš Javůrek , Michal Gregor , Marián Šimko

Most multilingual question-answering benchmarks, while covering a diverse pool of languages, do not factor in regional diversity in the information they capture and tend to be Western-centric. This introduces a significant gap in fairly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Eshaan Tanwar , Anwoy Chatterjee , Michael Saxon , Alon Albalak , William Yang Wang , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Recent advances in Multilingual Large Language Models (MLLMs) have significantly enhanced cross-lingual conversational capabilities, yet modeling culturally nuanced and context-dependent communication remains a critical bottleneck.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Md. Asaduzzaman Shuvo , Mahedi Hasan , Md. Tashin Parvez , Azizul Haque Noman , Md. Shafayet Hossain Ovi

Dataset curation has become a basis for strong large language model (LLM) performance. While various rule-based filtering heuristics exist for English and multilingual datasets, model-based filtering techniques have primarily focused on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Bettina Messmer , Vinko Sabolčec , Martin Jaggi

Large language models are widely used across domains, yet there are concerns about their factual reliability and biases. Factual knowledge probing offers a systematic means to evaluate these aspects. Most existing benchmarks focus on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Evren Ayberk Munis , Deniz Yılmaz , Arianna Muti , Çağrı Toraman

There is a significant gap in evaluating cultural reasoning in LLMs using conversational datasets that capture culturally rich and dialectal contexts. Most Arabic benchmarks focus on short text snippets in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA),…

Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) are known to contain various kinds of knowledge. One method to infer relational knowledge is through the use of cloze-style prompts, where a model is tasked to predict missing subjects or objects.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Stephan Linzbach , Dimitar Dimitrov , Laura Kallmeyer , Kilian Evang , Hajira Jabeen , Stefan Dietze

Language models often struggle with handling factual knowledge, exhibiting factual hallucination issue. This makes it vital to evaluate the models' ability to recall its parametric knowledge about facts. In this study, we introduce a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Xin Zhao , Naoki Yoshinaga , Daisuke Oba

Automatic fact-checking plays a crucial role in combating the spread of misinformation. Large Language Models (LLMs) and Instruction-Following variants, such as InstructGPT and Alpaca, have shown remarkable performance in various natural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-04 Tsun-Hin Cheung , Kin-Man Lam

Multilingual language models (LMs) are expected to recall factual knowledge consistently across languages, yet they often fail to transfer knowledge between languages even when they possess the correct information in one of the languages.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Tushar Aggarwal , Kumar Tanmay , Ayush Agrawal , Kumar Ayush , Hamid Palangi , Paul Pu Liang
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