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The first step in Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) algorithms for Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification consists of tiling the input image into smaller patches and computing their feature vectors produced by a pre-trained feature extractor…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Juan I. Pisula , Katarzyna Bozek

Annotating cancerous regions in whole-slide images (WSIs) of pathology samples plays a critical role in clinical diagnosis, biomedical research, and machine learning algorithms development. However, generating exhaustive and accurate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-09 Zhenzhen Wang , Carla Saoud , Sintawat Wangsiricharoen , Aaron W. James , Aleksander S. Popel , Jeremias Sulam

The multi-scale information among the whole slide images (WSIs) is essential for cancer diagnosis. Although the existing multi-scale vision Transformer has shown its effectiveness for learning multi-scale image representation, it still…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Saisai Ding , Juncheng Li , Jun Wang , Shihui Ying , Jun Shi

Although multiple instance learning (MIL) methods are widely used for automatic tumor detection on whole slide images (WSI), they suffer from the extreme class imbalance within the small tumor WSIs. This occurs when the tumor comprises only…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Ziyu Su , Mostafa Rezapour , Usama Sajjad , Shuo Niu , Metin Nafi Gurcan , Muhammad Khalid Khan Niazi

Whole Slide Imaging (WSI) is a cornerstone of digital pathology, offering detailed insights critical for diagnosis and research. Yet, the gigapixel size of WSIs imposes significant computational challenges, limiting their practical utility.…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-15 Ravi Kant Gupta , Shounak Das , Amit Sethi

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) is a cornerstone approach in computational pathology (CPath) for generating clinically meaningful slide-level embeddings from gigapixel tissue images. However, MIL often struggles with small, weakly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Daniel Shao , Richard J. Chen , Andrew H. Song , Joel Runevic , Ming Y. Lu , Tong Ding , Faisal Mahmood

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) is a widely employed framework for learning on gigapixel whole-slide images (WSIs) from WSI-level annotations. In most MIL based analytical pipelines for WSI-level analysis, the WSIs are often divided into…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Imaad Zaffar , Guillaume Jaume , Nasir Rajpoot , Faisal Mahmood

This paper introduces the novel concept of few-shot weakly supervised learning for pathology Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification, denoted as FSWC. A solution is proposed based on prompt learning and the utilization of a large language…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Linhao Qu , Xiaoyuan Luo , Kexue Fu , Manning Wang , Zhijian Song

Accurate tumor detection in digital pathology whole-slide images (WSIs) is crucial for cancer diagnosis and treatment planning. Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has emerged as a widely used approach for weakly-supervised tumor detection…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-03 Marina D'Amato , Jeroen van der Laak , Francesco Ciompi

Multiple instance learning (MIL) has been extensively applied to whole slide histopathology image (WSI) analysis. The existing aggregation strategy in MIL, which primarily relies on the first-order distance (e.g., mean difference) between…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-22 Yihang Chen , Tsai Hor Chan , Guosheng Yin , Yuming Jiang , Lequan Yu

The visual examination of tissue biopsy sections is fundamental for cancer diagnosis, with pathologists analyzing sections at multiple magnifications to discern tumor cells and their subtypes. However, existing attention-based multiple…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Olga Fourkioti , Matt De Vries , Chen Jin , Daniel C. Alexander , Chris Bakal

Whole slide imaging is fundamental to biomedical microscopy and computational pathology. Previously, learning representations for gigapixel-sized whole slide images (WSIs) has relied on multiple instance learning with weak labels, which do…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Xinhai Hou , Cheng Jiang , Akhil Kondepudi , Yiwei Lyu , Asadur Chowdury , Honglak Lee , Todd C. Hollon

Computational pathology involves the digitization of stained tissues into whole-slide images (WSIs) that contain billions of pixels arranged as contiguous patches. Statistical analysis of WSIs largely focuses on classification via multiple…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-24 So Won Jeong , Veronika Ročková

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) is a weakly-supervised problem in which one label is assigned to the whole bag of instances. An important class of MIL models is instance-based, where we first classify instances and then aggregate those…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-13 Łukasz Struski , Dawid Rymarczyk , Arkadiusz Lewicki , Robert Sabiniewicz , Jacek Tabor , Bartosz Zieliński

Multi-Instance Learning(MIL) aims to learn the mapping between a bag of instances and the bag-level label. Therefore, the relationships among instances are very important for learning the mapping. In this paper, we propose an MIL algorithm…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-04 Yangling Ma , Zhouwang Yang

A Whole Slide Image (WSI) is a high-resolution digital image created by scanning an entire glass slide containing a biological specimen, such as tissue sections or cell samples, at multiple magnifications. These images are digitally…

Survival prediction based on whole slide images (WSIs) is a challenging task for patient-level multiple instance learning (MIL). Due to the vast amount of data for a patient (one or multiple gigapixels WSIs) and the irregularly shaped…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-03 Zhuchen Shao , Yang Chen , Hao Bian , Jian Zhang , Guojun Liu , Yongbing Zhang

Whole slide images (WSIs) are high-resolution, gigapixel sized images that pose significant computational challenges for traditional machine learning models due to their size and heterogeneity.In this paper, we present a scalable and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Ravi Kant Gupta , Shounak Das , Ardhendu Sekhar , Amit Sethi

In this paper, we address the challenge of few-shot classification in histopathology whole slide images (WSIs) by utilizing foundational vision-language models (VLMs) and slide-level prompt learning. Given the gigapixel scale of WSIs,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Devavrat Tomar , Guillaume Vray , Dwarikanath Mahapatra , Sudipta Roy , Jean-Philippe Thiran , Behzad Bozorgtabar

Presenting whole slide images (WSIs) as graph will enable a more efficient and accurate learning framework for cancer diagnosis. Due to the fact that a single WSI consists of billions of pixels and there is a lack of vast annotated datasets…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-09 Milan Aryal , Nasim Yahyasoltani