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Reliable quantum information processing in the face of errors is a major fundamental and technological challenge. Quantum error correction protects quantum states by encoding a logical quantum bit (qubit) in multiple physical qubits. To be…

We study variants of Shor's code that are adept at handling single-axis correlated idling errors, which are commonly observed in many quantum systems. By using the repetition code structure of the Shor's code basis states, we calculate the…

Qudits can be described by a state vector in a $q$-dimensional Hilbert space, enabling a more extensive encoding and manipulation of information compared to qubits. This implies that conducting fault-tolerant quantum computations using…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-08 James Keppens , Quinten Eggerickx , Vukan Levajac , George Simion , Bart Sorée

The variational quantum eigensolver is a promising way to solve the Schr\"odinger equation on a noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computer, while its success relies on a well-designed wavefunction ansatz. Compared to physically…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-20 Xiongzhi Zeng , Yi Fan , Jie Liu , Zhenyu Li , Jinlong Yang

In quantum error correction, information is encoded in a high-dimensional system to protect it from the environment. A crucial step is to use natural, low-weight operations with an ancilla to extract information about errors without causing…

To implement quantum algorithms on a quantum computer, we must overcome the twin problems of fault-tolerance -- how can we realize a relatively noiseless computation by cleverly combining noisy components? -- and compilation -- how can we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-29 Jack Weinberg , Narayanan Rengaswamy

We consider a general unitary operator acting on two qubits in a product state. We find the conditions such that the state of the qubits after the action is as entangled as possible. We also consider the possibility of using ancilla qubits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-06 B. Kraus , J. I. Cirac

We present a quantum sensing protocol for coupled qubit-oscillator systems that surpasses the standard quantum limit (SQL) by exploiting a geometrical phase. The signal is encoded in the geometrical phase that is proportional to the area…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-01 Nishchay Suri , Zhihui Wang , Tanay Roy , Davide Venturelli , Wibe Albert de Jong

Universal quantum computers require fault-tolerant logical qudits, as qudits naturally align with the simulation of multi-level physical systems. Here, we present a general framework and working examples for encoding fault-tolerant logical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-24 Sumin Lim

Fault-tolerant architectures aim to reduce the noise of a quantum computation. Despite such architectures being well studied a detailed understanding of how noise is transformed in a fault-tolerant primitive such as magic state injection is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-25 Nicholas Fazio , Robin Harper , Stephen D. Bartlett

Low-frequency noise presents a serious source of decoherence in solid-state qubits. When combined with a continuous weak measurement of the eigenstates, the low-frequency noise induces a second-order relaxation between the qubit states.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-07-26 L. Tian

Quantum error correction enables the preservation of logical qubits with a lower logical error rate than the physical error rate, with performance depending on the decoding method. Traditional error decoding approaches, relying on the…

With the rapid developments in quantum hardware comes a push towards the first practical applications on these devices. While fully fault-tolerant quantum computers may still be years away, one may ask if there exist intermediate forms of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-02-19 Jarrod R. McClean , Zhang Jiang , Nicholas C. Rubin , Ryan Babbush , Hartmut Neven

A solid-state quantum computer with dipolar coupling between qubits is proposed. The qubits are formed by the low-lying states of an isolated acceptor in silicon. The system has the scalability inherent to spin-based solid state systems,…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 B. Golding , M. I. Dykman

We investigate the use of continuously-applied external fields to maximize the fidelity of quantum logic operations performed on a decohering qubit. Assuming a known error operator and an environment represented by a scalar boson field at a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-05-31 F. F. Fanchini , J. E. M. Hornos , R. d. J. Napolitano

Most realistic solid state devices considered as qubits are not true two-state systems but multi-level systems. They can approximately be considered as qubits only if the energy separation of the upper energy levels from the lowest two is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-03-11 M. H. S. Amin , Neil G. Dickson , Peter Smith

Variational Quantum Algorithms (VQA) have emerged with a wide variety of applications. One question to ask is either they can efficiently be implemented and executed on existing architectures. Current hardware suffers from uncontrolled…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-26 Anne-Solène Bornens , Michel Nowak

Quantum information encoded into superposition of coherent states is an illustrative representative of practical applications of macroscopic quantum coherence possessing. However, these states are very sensitive to energy loss, losing their…

We investigate the quantum correlations in an axially symmetric hybrid qubit-qutrit system subjected to different noisy environments. We first introduce a physical model and analyze its Hamiltonian structure, emphasizing the role of hybrid…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-01 M. Abdellaoui , N. -E. Abouelkhir , A. Slaoui , R. Ahl Laamara , S. Haddadi

Entanglement is one of the fundamental properties of a quantum state and is a crucial differentiator between classical and quantum computation. There are many ways to define entanglement and its measure, depending on the problem or…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-07 Andrii Semenov , Niall Murphy , Simone Patscheider , Alessandra Bernardi , Elena Blokhina