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Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) samples is essential for neural networks operating in open-world settings, particularly in safety-critical applications. Existing methods have improved OOD detection by leveraging two main techniques:…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Lucas Rakotoarivony

Neural networks have achieved impressive performance for data in the distribution which is the same as the training set but can produce an overconfident incorrect result for the data these networks have never seen. Therefore, it is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-22 Jinhong Lin

Autonomous agents for cyber applications take advantage of modern defense techniques by adopting intelligent agents with conventional and learning-enabled components. These intelligent agents are trained via reinforcement learning (RL)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Ankita Samaddar , Nicholas Potteiger , Xenofon Koutsoukos

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is a critical capability for ensuring the safe deployment of machine learning models in open-world environments, where unexpected or anomalous inputs can compromise model reliability and performance.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Weijun Gao , Rundong He , Jinyang Dong , Yongshun Gong

In the open world, detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) data, whose labels are disjoint with those of in-distribution (ID) samples, is important for reliable deep neural networks (DNNs). To achieve better detection performance, one type of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Yingwen Wu , Ruiji Yu , Xinwen Cheng , Zhengbao He , Xiaolin Huang

Neural networks are often utilised in critical domain applications (e.g. self-driving cars, financial markets, and aerospace engineering), even though they exhibit overconfident predictions for ambiguous inputs. This deficiency demonstrates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-03 John Mitros , Brian Mac Namee

Effective out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial for reliable machine learning models, yet most current methods are limited in practical use due to requirements like access to training data or intervention in training. We present a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Fran Jelenić , Josip Jukić , Martin Tutek , Mate Puljiz , Jan Šnajder

Reinforcement Learning (RL) based solutions are being adopted in a variety of domains including robotics, health care and industrial automation. Most focus is given to when these solutions work well, but they fail when presented with out of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Aaqib Parvez Mohammed , Matias Valdenegro-Toro

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is an important building block in trustworthy image recognition systems as unknown classes may arise at test-time. OOD detection methods typically revolve around a single classifier, leading to a split in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Galadrielle Humblot-Renaux , Gianni Franchi , Sergio Escalera , Thomas B. Moeslund

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for deploying deep learning models reliably, yet no single method performs consistently across architectures and datasets -- a scorer that leads on one benchmark often falters on another. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Jin Mo Yang , Hyung-Sin Kim , Saewoong Bahk

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a critical task to ensure the reliability and security of machine learning models deployed in real-world applications. Conventional methods for OOD detection that rely on single-modal information,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-21 K Huang , G Song , Hanwen Su , Jiyan Wang

Generative modelling has been a topic at the forefront of machine learning research for a substantial amount of time. With the recent success in the field of machine learning, especially in deep learning, there has been an increased…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-03-24 M. M. A. Valiuddin , C. G. A. Viviers

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a crucial task for ensuring the reliability and robustness of machine learning models. Recent works have shown that generative models often assign high confidence scores to OOD samples, indicating that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Rui Sun , Andi Zhang , Haiming Zhang , Jinke Ren , Yao Zhu , Ruimao Zhang , Shuguang Cui , Zhen Li

To detect distribution shifts and improve model safety, many out-of-distribution (OOD) detection methods rely on the predictive uncertainty or features of supervised models trained on in-distribution data. In this paper, we critically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Yucen Lily Li , Daohan Lu , Polina Kirichenko , Shikai Qiu , Tim G. J. Rudner , C. Bayan Bruss , Andrew Gordon Wilson

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection and lossless compression constitute two problems that can be solved by the training of probabilistic models on a first dataset with subsequent likelihood evaluation on a second dataset, where data…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-13 Mingtian Zhang , Andi Zhang , Steven McDonagh

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is indispensable for deploying reliable machine learning systems in real-world scenarios. Recent works, using auxiliary outliers in training, have shown good potential. However, they seldom concern the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Yutian Lei , Luping Ji , Pei Liu

Detecting Out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs have been a critical issue for neural networks in the open world. However, the unstable behavior of OOD detection along the optimization trajectory during training has not been explored clearly. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Zhen Cheng , Fei Zhu , Xu-Yao Zhang , Cheng-Lin Liu

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection aims to detect "unknown" data whose labels have not been seen during the in-distribution (ID) training process. Recent progress in representation learning gives rise to distance-based OOD detection that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Ji Zhang , Lianli Gao , Bingguang Hao , Hao Huang , Jingkuan Song , Hengtao Shen

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) data has become a critical component in ensuring the safe deployment of machine learning models in the real world. Existing OOD detection approaches primarily rely on the output or feature space for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-12 Rui Huang , Andrew Geng , Yixuan Li

In real-world applications, machine learning models must reliably detect Out-of-Distribution (OoD) samples to prevent unsafe decisions. Current OoD detection methods often rely on analyzing the logits or the embeddings of the penultimate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Gianluca Guglielmo , Marc Masana