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A particular class of Explainable AI (XAI) methods provide saliency maps to highlight part of the image a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model looks at to classify the image as a way to explain its working. These methods provide an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-25 Sam Zabdiel Sunder Samuel , Vidhya Kamakshi , Namrata Lodhi , Narayanan C Krishnan

In recent years, Explainable AI (xAI) attracted a lot of attention as various countries turned explanations into a legal right. xAI allows for improving models beyond the accuracy metric by, e.g., debugging the learned pattern and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-10-05 Mohamed Karim Belaid , Eyke Hüllermeier , Maximilian Rabus , Ralf Krestel

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has emerged as a critical tool for interpreting the predictions of complex deep learning models. While XAI has been increasingly applied in various domains within acoustics, its use in bioacoustics,…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Zubair Faruqui , Mackenzie S. McIntire , Rahul Dubey , Jay McEntee

Decision explanations of machine learning black-box models are often generated by applying Explainable AI (XAI) techniques. However, many proposed XAI methods produce unverified outputs. Evaluation and verification are usually achieved with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-09 Udo Schlegel , Daniela Oelke , Daniel A. Keim , Mennatallah El-Assady

Explainable AI (XAI) techniques have been widely used to help explain and understand the output of deep learning models in fields such as image classification and Natural Language Processing. Interest in using XAI techniques to explain deep…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Xiaoliang Wu , Peter Bell , Ajitha Rajan

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has become a widely discussed topic, the related technologies facilitate better understanding of conventional black-box models like Random Forest, Neural Networks and etc. However, domain-specific…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Pap M. Corea , Yongxin Liu , Jian Wang , Shuteng Niu , Houbing Song

It has been long debated that eXplainable AI (XAI) is an important topic, but it lacks rigorous definition and fair metrics. In this paper, we briefly summarize the status quo of the metrics, along with an exhaustive experimental study…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-01-01 Xiao-Hui Li , Yuhan Shi , Haoyang Li , Wei Bai , Yuanwei Song , Caleb Chen Cao , Lei Chen

The development of explainable artificial intelligence (xAI) methods for scene classification problems has attracted great attention in remote sensing (RS). Most xAI methods and the related evaluation metrics in RS are initially developed…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Jonas Klotz , Tom Burgert , Begüm Demir

The lack of explainability of a decision from an Artificial Intelligence (AI) based "black box" system/model, despite its superiority in many real-world applications, is a key stumbling block for adopting AI in many high stakes applications…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-01-26 Sheikh Rabiul Islam , William Eberle , Sheikh Khaled Ghafoor , Mohiuddin Ahmed

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) addresses the growing need for transparency and interpretability in AI systems, enabling trust and accountability in decision-making processes. This book offers a comprehensive guide to XAI,…

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) is essential for enabling clinical users to get informed decision support from AI and comply with evidence-based medical practice. Applying XAI in clinical settings requires proper evaluation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-09 Weina Jin , Xiaoxiao Li , Mostafa Fatehi , Ghassan Hamarneh

As Machine Learning models are considered for autonomous decisions with significant social impact, the need for understanding how these models work rises rapidly. Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) aims to provide interpretations for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-05 Jaime Pizarroso , David Alfaya , José Portela , Antonio Muñoz

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) aims to make learning machines less opaque, and offers researchers and practitioners various tools to reveal the decision-making strategies of neural networks. In this work, we investigate how XAI…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Dennis Grinwald , Kirill Bykov , Shinichi Nakajima , Marina M. -C. Höhne

Heatmaps have been instrumental in helping understand deep network decisions, and are a common approach for Explainable AI (XAI). While significant progress has been made in enhancing the informativeness and accessibility of heatmaps,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Osman Tursun , Sinan Kalkan , Simon Denman , Sridha Sridharan , Clinton Fookes

A key issue in critical contexts such as medical diagnosis is the interpretability of the deep learning models adopted in decision-making systems. Research in eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is trying to solve this issue. However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-24 Carlo Metta , Andrea Beretta , Riccardo Guidotti , Yuan Yin , Patrick Gallinari , Salvatore Rinzivillo , Fosca Giannotti

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) methods are intended to help human users better understand the decision making of an AI agent. However, many modern XAI approaches are unintuitive to end users, particularly those without prior AI…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-09 Faraz Khadivpour , Arghasree Banerjee , Matthew Guzdial

Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have facilitated its widespread adoption in primary medical services, addressing the demand-supply imbalance in healthcare. Vision Transformers (ViT) have emerged as state-of-the-art…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-04 Tin Lai

eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) aims at providing understandable explanations of black box models. In this paper, we evaluate current XAI methods by scoring them based on ground truth simulations and sensitivity analysis. To this…

The black-box nature of artificial intelligence (AI) models has been the source of many concerns in their use for critical applications. Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is a rapidly growing research field that aims to create…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Gaith Rjoub , Jamal Bentahar , Omar Abdel Wahab , Rabeb Mizouni , Alyssa Song , Robin Cohen , Hadi Otrok , Azzam Mourad

Despite the fact that Artificial Intelligence (AI) has boosted the achievement of remarkable results across numerous data analysis tasks, however, this is typically accompanied by a significant shortcoming in the exhibited transparency and…