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G\"odel proved in the 1930s in his famous Incompleteness Theorems that not all statements in mathematics can be proven or disproven from the accepted ZFC axioms. A few years later he showed the celebrated result that Cantor's Continuum…
In infinitely cyclic cosmology past eras are discussed using set theory and transfinite numbers. One consistent scenario, already in the literature, is where there is always a countably infinite number, $\aleph_0$, of universes and no big…
Creativity, defined as the tendency to generate or recognize new ideas or alternatives and to make connections between seemingly unrelated phenomena, is too vast a horizon to be summed up in such a simple sentence. The extreme abstractness…
Czachor's recent proposal introduces a form of non-Newtonian calculus built by pulling back arithmetic operations through arbitrary bijections between continua. Although the idea is mathematically inventive, it runs into serious conceptual…
In this review article we compare the recent work of Peter Lynds, "On a finite universe with no beginning or end", with that of Stephen Hawking, primarily "Quantum Cosmology, M-Theory, and the Anthropic Principle", and two foundational…
This paper introduces a new theory which encompasses concepts and ideas from set theory, type theory, and Le\'{s}niewski's mereology and describes its possibility as an alternative foundation for mathematics. In the introduction section I…
A new finite form of de Finetti's representation theorem is established using elementary information-theoretic tools. The distribution of the first $k$ random variables in an exchangeable vector of $n\geq k$ random variables is close to a…
The topological analysis of chaos based on a knot-theoretic characterization of unstable periodic orbits has proved a powerful method, however knot theory can only be applied to three-dimensional systems. Still, the core principles upon…
We prove the first inverse theorem for point--sphere incidence bounds over finite fields in dimensions $d \ge 3$, showing that near-extremality forces algebraic rigidity. While sharp upper bounds have been known for over a decade, the…
After about a century since the first attempts by Bohr, the interpretation of quantum theory is still a field with many open questions. In this article a new interpretation of quantum theory is suggested, motivated by philosophical…
In the context of quantum field theory, an anomaly exists when a theory has a classical symmetry which is not a symmetry of the quantum theory. This short exposition aims at introducing a new point of view, which is that the proper setting…
An unconventional approach for optimal stopping under model ambiguity is introduced. Besides ambiguity itself, we take into account how ambiguity-averse an agent is. This inclusion of ambiguity attitude, via an $\alpha$-maxmin nonlinear…
We develop new aspects of the the of numerosity theory; more exactly, we emphasize its relation with the ordinal numbers, cardinal numbers, hyperreal numbers and surreal numbers. In particular, we combine the notion of numerosity with the…
Partial differential equations are ubiquitous in almost all applications of mathematics, where they provide a natural mathematical description of many phenomena involving change in physical, chemical, biological, and social processes. The…
It is generally believed that inflationary cosmology explains the isotropy, large scale homogeneity and flatness as well as predicting the deviations from homogeneity of our universe. We show that this is not the only cosmology which can…
New concepts of rough natural number systems are introduced in this research paper from both formal and less formal perspectives. These are used to improve most rough set-theoretical measures in general Rough Set theory (\textsf{RST}) and…
An MSTD set is a finite set of integers with more sums than differences. It is proved that, for infinitely many positive integers $k$, there are infinitely many affinely inequivalent MSTD sets of cardinality $k$. There are several related…
We introduce a model of simple type theory with potential infinite carrier sets. The functions in this model are automatically continuous, as defined in this paper. This notion of continuity does not rely on topological concepts, including…
This paper demonstrates the existence of a finite set of equilibria in the case of the indeterminacy of linear rational expectations models. The number of equilibria corresponds to the number of ways to select n eigenvectors among a larger…
This work investigates alternative theories of gravity, the solutions to their field equations and the constraints that can be imposed upon them from observation and experiment. Specifically, we consider the cosmologies and spherically…