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Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) [31] use automatic differentiation to solve partial differential equations (PDEs) by penalizing the PDE in the loss function at a random set of points in the domain of interest. Here, we develop a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-12-03 E. Kharazmi , Z. Zhang , G. E. Karniadakis

Many core problems in nonlinear systems analysis and control can be recast as solving partial differential equations (PDEs) such as Lyapunov and Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equations. Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have emerged…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-21 Jun Liu

Deep learning has been highly successful in some applications. Nevertheless, its use for solving partial differential equations (PDEs) has only been of recent interest with current state-of-the-art machine learning libraries, e.g.,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Hamid El Bahja , Jan Christian Hauffen , Peter Jung , Bubacarr Bah , Issa Karambal

In this study, we present and validate the predictive capability of the Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) methodology for solving a variety of engineering and biological dynamical systems governed by ordinary differential equations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Tyrus Whitman , Andrew Particka , Christopher Diers , Ian Griffin , Charuka Wickramasinghe , Pradeep Ranaweera

In recent years, physical informed neural networks (PINNs) have been shown to be a powerful tool for solving PDEs empirically. However, numerical analysis of PINNs is still missing. In this paper, we prove the convergence rate to PINNs for…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-04-13 Yuling Jiao , Yanming Lai , Dingwei Li , Xiliang Lu , Fengru Wang , Yang Wang , Jerry Zhijian Yang

Physics informed neural networks (PINNs) have recently been very successfully applied for efficiently approximating inverse problems for PDEs. We focus on a particular class of inverse problems, the so-called data assimilation or unique…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-12-07 Siddhartha Mishra , Roberto Molinaro

The numerical solution of differential equations using neural networks has become a central topic in scientific computing, with Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) emerging as a powerful paradigm for both forward and inverse problems.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Kazuaki Tanaka , Kohei Yatabe

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) [4, 10] are an approach for solving boundary value problems based on differential equations (PDEs). The key idea of PINNs is to use a neural network to approximate the solution to the PDE and to…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-05-23 Victorita Dolean , Alexander Heinlein , Siddhartha Mishra , Ben Moseley

Prediction error quantification in machine learning has been left out of most methodological investigations of neural networks, for both purely data-driven and physics-informed approaches. Beyond statistical investigations and generic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Birgit Hillebrecht , Benjamin Unger

Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) encounter accuracy limitations when solving the Allen--Cahn (AC) and Cahn--Hilliard (CH) partial differential equations (PDEs). To overcome this, we employ a novel loss function, Residuals-weighted…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-02-25 Guangtao Zhang , Jiani Lin , Qijia Zhai , Huiyu Yang , Xujun Chen , Ieng Tak Leong , Fang Zhu

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) are numerical solvers that embed all the physical information of a system into the loss function of a neural network. In this way the learned solution accounts for data (if available), the governing…

Computational Physics · Physics 2025-07-30 Andrés Martínez-Esteban , Pablo Calvo-Barlés , Luis Martín-Moreno , Sergio G Rodrigo

Several recent works in scientific machine learning have revived interest in the application of neural networks to partial differential equations (PDEs). A popular approach is to aggregate the residual form of the governing PDE and its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-13 Shamsulhaq Basir , Inanc Senocak

We consider the approximation of a class of dynamic partial differential equations (PDE) of second order in time by the physics-informed neural network (PINN) approach, and provide an error analysis of PINN for the wave equation, the…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-03-23 Yanxia Qian , Yongchao Zhang , Yunqing Huang , Suchuan Dong

This paper explores the difficulties in solving partial differential equations (PDEs) using physics-informed neural networks (PINNs). PINNs use physics as a regularization term in the objective function. However, a drawback of this approach…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Shamsulhaq Basir

In this paper, numerical methods using Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) are presented with the aim to solve higher-order ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Indeed, this deep-learning technique is successfully applied for…

Computational Physics · Physics 2023-07-17 Hubert Baty

The solution of partial differential equations (PDES) on irregular domains has long been a subject of significant research interest. In this work, we present an approach utilizing physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) to achieve…

Computational Physics · Physics 2025-06-12 Cuizhi Zhou , Kaien Zhu

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have emerged as a powerful paradigm for solving partial differential equations (PDEs) by embedding physical laws directly into neural network training. However, solving high-fidelity PDEs remains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Olaf Yunus Laitinen Imanov

Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) are a class of deep learning neural networks that learn the response of a physical system without any simulation data, and only by incorporating the governing partial differential equations (PDEs) in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Rini J. Gladstone , Mohammad A. Nabian , N. Sukumar , Ankit Srivastava , Hadi Meidani

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) are extensively employed to solve partial differential equations (PDEs) by ensuring that the outputs and gradients of deep learning models adhere to the governing equations. However, constrained by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Chenhao Si , Ming Yan

The residual loss in Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) alters the simple recursive relation of layers in a feed-forward neural network by applying a differential operator, resulting in a loss landscape that is inherently different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Nima Hosseini Dashtbayaz , Ghazal Farhani , Boyu Wang , Charles X. Ling