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Shift invariance is a critical property of CNNs that improves performance on classification. However, we show that invariance to circular shifts can also lead to greater sensitivity to adversarial attacks. We first characterize the margin…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-23 Songwei Ge , Vasu Singla , Ronen Basri , David Jacobs

Catastrophic forgetting is a major problem in continual learning, and lots of approaches arise to reduce it. However, most of them are evaluated through task accuracy, which ignores the internal model structure. Recent research suggests…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Yunqin Zhu , Jun Jin

We argue that the vulnerability of model parameters is of crucial value to the study of model robustness and generalization but little research has been devoted to understanding this matter. In this work, we propose an indicator to measure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-11 Xu Sun , Zhiyuan Zhang , Xuancheng Ren , Ruixuan Luo , Liangyou Li

Recent studies have noted an intriguing phenomenon termed Neural Collapse, that is, when the neural networks establish the right correlation between feature spaces and the training targets, their last-layer features, together with the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Yining Wang , Junjie Sun , Chenyue Wang , Mi Zhang , Min Yang

Despite the tremendous successes of deep neural networks (DNNs) in various applications, many fundamental aspects of deep learning remain incompletely understood, including DNN trainability. In a trainability study, one aims to discern what…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-19 Yueyao Yu , Yin Zhang

Observing certain patches in an image reduces the uncertainty of others. Their realization lowers the distribution entropy of each remaining patch feature, analogous to collapsing a particle's wave function in quantum mechanics. This…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Wei Guo , Shunqi Mao , Zhuonan Liang , Heng Wang , Weidong Cai

We present new Bayesian Last Layer neural network models in the setting of multivariate regression under heteroscedastic noise, and propose EM algorithms for parameter learning. Bayesian modeling of a neural network's final layer has the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-02 Han Wang , Eiji Kawasaki , Guillaume Damblin , Geoffrey Daniel

The empirical emergence of neural collapse -- a surprising symmetry in the feature representations of the training data in the penultimate layer of deep neural networks -- has spurred a line of theoretical research aimed at its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Peter Súkeník , Christoph H. Lampert , Marco Mondelli

Modern practice for training classification deepnets involves a Terminal Phase of Training (TPT), which begins at the epoch where training error first vanishes; During TPT, the training error stays effectively zero while training loss is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-23 Vardan Papyan , X. Y. Han , David L. Donoho

This paper explores the connection between two recently identified phenomena in deep learning: plasticity loss and neural collapse. We analyze their correlation in different scenarios, revealing a significant association during the initial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Guglielmo Bonifazi , Iason Chalas , Gian Hess , Jakub Łucki

We conduct an empirical study to test the ability of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to reduce the effects of nuisance transformations of the input data, such as location, scale and aspect ratio. We isolate factors by adopting a common…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-04-29 Nikolaos Karianakis , Jingming Dong , Stefano Soatto

This work bridges two important concepts: the Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK), which captures the evolution of deep neural networks (DNNs) during training, and the Neural Collapse (NC) phenomenon, which refers to the emergence of symmetry and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Mariia Seleznova , Dana Weitzner , Raja Giryes , Gitta Kutyniok , Hung-Hsu Chou

Neural collapse (NC) -- the convergence of penultimate-layer features to a simplex equiangular tight frame -- is well understood at equilibrium, but the dynamics governing its onset remain poorly characterised. We identify a simple and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Anamika Paul Rupa

The notion of neural collapse refers to several emergent phenomena that have been empirically observed across various canonical classification problems. During the terminal phase of training a deep neural network, the feature embedding of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-05 Duc Anh Nguyen , Ron Levie , Julian Lienen , Gitta Kutyniok , Eyke Hüllermeier

Convolutional neural networks (CNN) have become a powerful tool for detecting patterns in image data. Recent papers report promising results in the domain of disease detection using brain MRI data. Despite the high accuracy obtained from…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-08-19 Arjun Haridas Pallath , Martin Dyrba

This paper introduces a new technique to measure the feature dependency of neural network models. The motivation is to better understand a model by querying whether it is using information from human-understandable features, e.g.,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Yinzhu Jin , Matthew B. Dwyer , P. Thomas Fletcher

Many of the recent remarkable advances in computer vision and language models can be attributed to the success of transfer learning via the pre-training of large foundation models. However, a theoretical framework which explains this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Michael Munn , Benoit Dherin , Javier Gonzalvo

There is a recently discovered and intriguing phenomenon called Neural Collapse: at the terminal phase of training a deep neural network for classification, the within-class penultimate feature means and the associated classifier vectors of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Tong Liang , Jim Davis

Although deep learning based image compression methods have achieved promising progress these days, the performance of these methods still cannot match the latest compression standard Versatile Video Coding (VVC). Most of the recent…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-08-29 Yueqi Xie , Ka Leong Cheng , Qifeng Chen

We consider the variational problem of cross-entropy loss with $n$ feature vectors on a unit hypersphere in $\mathbb{R}^d$. We prove that when $d \geq n - 1$, the global minimum is given by the simplex equiangular tight frame, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-20 Jianfeng Lu , Stefan Steinerberger