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We consider the optimal approximate posterior over the top-layer weights in a Bayesian neural network for regression, and show that it exhibits strong dependencies on the lower-layer weights. We adapt this result to develop a correlated…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-06-23 Sebastian W. Ober , Laurence Aitchison

This paper concerns the universal approximation property with neural networks in variable Lebesgue spaces. We show that, whenever the exponent function of the space is bounded, every function can be approximated with shallow neural networks…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2020-07-09 Ángela Capel , Jesús Ocáriz

Universal approximation theory offers a foundational framework to verify neural network expressiveness, enabling principled utilization in real-world applications. However, most existing theoretical constructions are established by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 ZeYu Li , ShiJun Zhang , TieYong Zeng , FengLei Fan

In this paper, we develop a wavelet-based theoretical framework for analyzing the universal approximation capabilities of neural networks over a wide range of activation functions. Leveraging wavelet frame theory on the spaces of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Youngmi Hur , Hyojae Lim , Mikyoung Lim

Group symmetry is inherent in a wide variety of data distributions. Data processing that preserves symmetry is described as an equivariant map and often effective in achieving high performance. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-12-29 Wataru Kumagai , Akiyoshi Sannai

In this paper, we propose a Network-Weighted Functional Regression (NWFR) model, an extension of Spatially Weighted Functional Regression (SWFR) to functional data defined on network-structured settings. To asses predictive uncertainity, we…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-02 Elvira Romano , Antonio Irpino , Claire Miller

In this paper we analyze a greedy procedure to approximate a linear functional defined in a Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space by nodal values. This procedure computes a quadrature rule which can be applied to general functionals, including…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-05-19 Gabriele Santin , Toni Karvonen , Bernard Haasdonk

Motivated by the developing mathematics of deep learning, we build universal functions approximators of continuous maps between arbitrary Polish metric spaces $\mathcal{X}$ and $\mathcal{Y}$ using elementary functions between Euclidean…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Anastasis Kratsios , Chong Liu , Matti Lassas , Maarten V. de Hoop , Ivan Dokmanić

An interesting approach to analyzing neural networks that has received renewed attention is to examine the equivalent kernel of the neural network. This is based on the fact that a fully connected feedforward network with one hidden layer,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-04 Russell Tsuchida , Farbod Roosta-Khorasani , Marcus Gallagher

We show that deep neural networks trained across diverse tasks exhibit remarkably similar low-dimensional parametric subspaces. We provide the first large-scale empirical evidence that demonstrates that neural networks systematically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Prakhar Kaushik , Shravan Chaudhari , Ankit Vaidya , Rama Chellappa , Alan Yuille

We study the approximation of functions which are invariant with respect to certain permutations of the input indices using flow maps of dynamical systems. Such invariant functions includes the much studied translation-invariant ones…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-19 Qianxiao Li , Ting Lin , Zuowei Shen

The Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is one of the most prominent neural network architectures in deep learning. Despite its widespread adoption, our understanding of its universal approximation properties has been limited due to its…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Geonho Hwang , Myungjoo Kang

We present a novel perspective on the universal approximation theorem for rough path functionals, introducing a polynomial-based approximation class. We extend universal approximation to non-geometric rough paths within the tensor algebra.…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2025-12-23 Fabian A. Harang , Fred Espen Benth , Fride Straum

We develop a general framework for data-driven approximation of input-output maps between infinite-dimensional spaces. The proposed approach is motivated by the recent successes of neural networks and deep learning, in combination with…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-06-21 Kaushik Bhattacharya , Bamdad Hosseini , Nikola B. Kovachki , Andrew M. Stuart

Function regression/approximation is a fundamental application of machine learning. Neural networks (NNs) can be easily trained for function regression using a sufficient number of neurons and epochs. The forward-forward learning algorithm…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Shivam Padmani , Akshay Joshi

In this paper, we establish a neural network to approximate functionals, which are maps from infinite dimensional spaces to finite dimensional spaces. The approximation error of the neural network is $O(1/\sqrt{m})$ where $m$ is the size of…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-01-02 Yahong Yang , Yang Xiang

In the desire to quantify the success of neural networks in deep learning and other applications, there is a great interest in understanding which functions are efficiently approximated by the outputs of neural networks. By now, there…

The universal approximation property is fundamental to the success of neural networks, and has traditionally been achieved by training networks without any constraints on their parameters. However, recent experimental research proposed a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Yongqiang Cai , Gaohang Chen , Zhonghua Qiao

This work analyzes Graph Neural Networks, a generalization of Fully-Connected Deep Neural Nets on Graph structured data, when their width, that is the number of nodes in each fullyconnected layer is increasing to infinity. Infinite Width…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Yunus Cobanoglu

A topological neural network (TNN), which takes data from a Tychonoff topological space instead of the usual finite dimensional space, is introduced. As a consequence, a distributional neural network (DNN) that takes Borel measures as data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Michael A. Kouritzin , Daniel Richard