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Crosslingual transfer is crucial to contemporary language models' multilingual capabilities, but how it occurs is not well understood. We ask what happens to a monolingual language model when it begins to be trained on a second language.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Catherine Arnett , Tyler A. Chang , James A. Michaelov , Benjamin K. Bergen

The growing population of L2 English speakers has increased the demand for developing automatic graders for spoken language assessment (SLA). Historically, statistical models, text encoders, and self-supervised speech models have been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Rao Ma , Mengjie Qian , Siyuan Tang , Stefano Bannò , Kate M. Knill , Mark J. F. Gales

Categorization is a core component of human linguistic competence. We investigate how a transformer-based language model (LM) learns linguistic categories by comparing its behaviour over the course of training to behaviours which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Jasper Jian , Christopher D. Manning

Human bilinguals often use similar brain regions to process multiple languages, depending on when they learned their second language and their proficiency. In large language models (LLMs), how are multiple languages learned and encoded? In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Jannik Brinkmann , Chris Wendler , Christian Bartelt , Aaron Mueller

Natural language processing (NLP) tasks tend to suffer from a paucity of suitably annotated training data, hence the recent success of transfer learning across a wide variety of them. The typical recipe involves: (i) training a deep,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-11 Lyan Verwimp , Jerome R. Bellegarda

Human languages have evolved to be structured through repeated language learning and use. These processes introduce biases that operate during language acquisition and shape linguistic systems toward communicative efficiency. In this paper,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Tom Kouwenhoven , Max Peeperkorn , Tessa Verhoef

The success of multilingual pre-trained models is underpinned by their ability to learn representations shared by multiple languages even in absence of any explicit supervision. However, it remains unclear how these models learn to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Karolina Stańczak , Edoardo Ponti , Lucas Torroba Hennigen , Ryan Cotterell , Isabelle Augenstein

This study evaluates Large Language Models' (LLMs) ability to simulate non-native-like English use observed in human second language (L2) learners interfered with by their native first language (L1). In dialogue-based interviews, we prompt…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Rena Gao , Xuetong Wu , Tatsuki Kuribayashi , Mingrui Ye , Siya Qi , Carsten Roever , Yuanxing Liu , Zheng Yuan , Jey Han Lau

Do language models (LMs) offer insights into human language learning? A common argument against this idea is that because their architecture and training paradigm are so vastly different from humans, LMs can learn arbitrary inputs as easily…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Xiulin Yang , Tatsuya Aoyama , Yuekun Yao , Ethan Wilcox

We consider the possible role of current large language models (LLMs) in the study of human linguistic cognition. We focus on the use of such models as proxies for theories of cognition that are relatively linguistically-neutral in their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Imry Ziv , Nur Lan , Emmanuel Chemla , Roni Katzir

For the complex human brain that enables us to communicate in natural language, we gathered good understandings of principles underlying language acquisition and processing, knowledge about socio-cultural conditions, and insights about…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-02-08 Stefan Heinrich , Stefan Wermter

The probing methodology allows one to obtain a partial representation of linguistic phenomena stored in the inner layers of the neural network, using external classifiers and statistical analysis. Pre-trained transformer-based language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-04 Ekaterina Voloshina , Oleg Serikov , Tatiana Shavrina

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable ability in cross-lingual tasks. Understanding how LLMs acquire this ability is crucial for their interpretability. To quantify the cross-lingual ability of LLMs accurately, we propose a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Kaiyu He , Tong Zhou , Yubo Chen , Delai Qiu , Shengping Liu , Kang Liu , Jun Zhao

Pretrained Language Models (LMs) have been shown to possess significant linguistic, common sense, and factual knowledge. One form of knowledge that has not been studied yet in this context is information about the scalar magnitudes of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-25 Xikun Zhang , Deepak Ramachandran , Ian Tenney , Yanai Elazar , Dan Roth

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional natural language understanding abilities and have excelled in a variety of natural language processing (NLP)tasks in recent years. Despite the fact that most LLMs are trained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Xiang Zhang , Senyu Li , Bradley Hauer , Ning Shi , Grzegorz Kondrak

Human language acquisition is an efficient, supervised, and continual process. In this work, we took inspiration from how human babies acquire their first language, and developed a computational process for word acquisition through…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Yuwei Bao , Barrett Martin Lattimer , Joyce Chai

Second language acquisition (SLA) modeling is to predict whether second language learners could correctly answer the questions according to what they have learned. It is a fundamental building block of the personalized learning system and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-09-01 Yong Hu , Heyan Huang , Tian Lan , Xiaochi Wei , Yuxiang Nie , Jiarui Qi , Liner Yang , Xian-Ling Mao

Humans are accustomed to reading and writing in a forward manner, and this natural bias extends to text understanding in auto-regressive large language models (LLMs). This paper investigates whether LLMs, like humans, struggle with reverse…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Sicheng Yu , Yuanchen Xu , Cunxiao Du , Yanying Zhou , Minghui Qiu , Qianru Sun , Hao Zhang , Jiawei Wu

Over the past three years, the rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has had a profound impact on multiple areas of Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly in Natural Language Processing (NLP) across diverse languages,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Haneh Rhel , Dmitri Roussinov

Large Language Models (LLMs) are capable of recalling multilingual factual knowledge present in their pretraining data. However, most studies evaluate only the final model, leaving the development of factual recall and crosslingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Yihong Liu , Mingyang Wang , Amir Hossein Kargaran , Felicia Körner , Ercong Nie , Barbara Plank , François Yvon , Hinrich Schütze