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Machine learning models often fail to generalize well under distributional shifts. Understanding and overcoming these failures have led to a research field of Out-of-Distribution (OOD) generalization. Despite being extensively studied for…

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential to prevent anomalous inputs from causing a model to fail during deployment. While improved OOD detection methods have emerged, they often rely on the final layer outputs and require a full…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-03 Ziqian Lin , Sreya Dutta Roy , Yixuan Li

Most existing out-of-distribution (OOD) detection benchmarks classify samples with novel labels as the OOD data. However, some marginal OOD samples actually have close semantic contents to the in-distribution (ID) sample, which makes…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Xingming Long , Jie Zhang , Shiguang Shan , Xilin Chen

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection, i.e., identifying whether an input is sampled from a novel distribution other than the training distribution, is a critical task for safely deploying machine learning systems in the open world. Recently,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-13 Feng Xue , Zi He , Chuanlong Xie , Falong Tan , Zhenguo Li

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a crucial part of deploying machine learning models safely. It has been extensively studied with a plethora of methods developed in the literature. This problem is tackled with an OOD score…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Jingqiu Zhou , Aojun Zhou , Hongsheng Li

Pre-trained language models (PLMs) are known to improve the generalization performance of natural language understanding models by leveraging large amounts of data during the pre-training phase. However, the out-of-distribution (OOD)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Linyi Yang , Shuibai Zhang , Libo Qin , Yafu Li , Yidong Wang , Hanmeng Liu , Jindong Wang , Xing Xie , Yue Zhang

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential to improve the reliability of machine learning models by detecting samples that do not belong to the training distribution. Detecting OOD samples effectively in certain tasks can pose a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Divyanshu Mishra , He Zhao , Pramit Saha , Aris T. Papageorghiou , J. Alison Noble

This paper presents a novel evaluation framework for Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection that aims to assess the performance of machine learning models in more realistic settings. We observed that the real-world requirements for testing OOD…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-01 Vahid Reza Khazaie , Anthony Wong , Mohammad Sabokrou

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection remains challenging for deep learning models, particularly when test-time OOD samples differ significantly from training outliers. We propose OODD, a novel test-time OOD detection method that dynamically…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Yifeng Yang , Lin Zhu , Zewen Sun , Hengyu Liu , Qinying Gu , Nanyang Ye

Visual prompt tuning (VPT), i.e., fine-tuning some lightweight prompt tokens, provides an efficient and effective approach for adapting pre-trained models to various downstream tasks. However, most prior art indiscriminately uses a fixed…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Chikai Shang , Mengke Li , Yiqun Zhang , Zhen Chen , Jinlin Wu , Fangqing Gu , Yang Lu , Yiu-ming Cheung

Deep network models perform excellently on In-Distribution (ID) data, but can significantly fail on Out-Of-Distribution (OOD) data. While developing methods focus on improving OOD generalization, few attention has been paid to evaluating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-22 Rui Hu , Jitao Sang , Jinqiang Wang , Rui Hu , Chaoquan Jiang

The robustness of a model for real-world deployment is decided by how well it performs on unseen data and distinguishes between in-domain and out-of-domain samples. Visual document classifiers have shown impressive performance on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Fnu Mohbat , Mohammed J. Zaki , Catherine Finegan-Dollak , Ashish Verma

Graph machine learning has witnessed rapid growth, driving advancements across diverse domains. However, the in-distribution assumption, where training and testing data share the same distribution, often breaks in real-world scenarios,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Tingyi Cai , Yunliang Jiang , Yixin Liu , Ming Li , Changqin Huang , Shirui Pan

Reliable out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is important for safe deployment of deep learning models in fetal ultrasound amidst heterogeneous image characteristics and clinical settings. OOD detection relies on estimating a classification…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Chun Kit Wong , Anders N. Christensen , Cosmin I. Bercea , Julia A. Schnabel , Martin G. Tolsgaard , Aasa Feragen

Inspired by the success of transfer learning in computer vision, roboticists have investigated visual pre-training as a means to improve the learning efficiency and generalization ability of policies learned from pixels. To that end, past…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-21 Kaylee Burns , Zach Witzel , Jubayer Ibn Hamid , Tianhe Yu , Chelsea Finn , Karol Hausman

Diffusion models (DMs) have become the new trend of generative models and have demonstrated a powerful ability of conditional synthesis. Among those, text-to-image diffusion models pre-trained on large-scale image-text pairs are highly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Wenliang Zhao , Yongming Rao , Zuyan Liu , Benlin Liu , Jie Zhou , Jiwen Lu

Robust fine-tuning aims to adapt large foundation models to downstream tasks while preserving their robustness to distribution shifts. Existing methods primarily focus on constraining and projecting current model towards the pre-trained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Chengyue Huang , Junjiao Tian , Brisa Maneechotesuwan , Shivang Chopra , Zsolt Kira

Out-of-distribution (OOD) robustness is a critical challenge for modern machine learning systems, particularly as they increasingly operate in multimodal settings involving inputs like video, audio, and sensor data. Currently, many OOD…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Yuehan Qin , Li Li , Defu Cao , Tiankai Yang , Jiate Li , Yue Zhao

Query-driven learned estimators are accurate, flexible, and lightweight alternatives to traditional estimators in query optimization. However, existing query-driven approaches struggle with the Out-of-distribution (OOD) problem, where the…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Rui Li , Kangfei Zhao , Jeffrey Xu Yu , Guoren Wang

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs is crucial for the safe deployment of natural language processing (NLP) models. Though existing methods, especially those based on the statistics in the feature space of fine-tuned pre-trained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Sishuo Chen , Wenkai Yang , Xiaohan Bi , Xu Sun