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Generalizing deep learning models to unknown target domain distribution with low latency has motivated research into test-time training/adaptation (TTT/TTA). Existing approaches often focus on improving test-time training performance under…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Yushu Li , Xun Xu , Yongyi Su , Kui Jia

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) has emerged as a promising paradigm for enhancing the generalizability of models. However, existing mainstream TTA methods, predominantly operating at batch level, often exhibit suboptimal performance in complex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Yige Yuan , Bingbing Xu , Teng Xiao , Liang Hou , Fei Sun , Huawei Shen , Xueqi Cheng

Acoustic foundation models, fine-tuned for Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), suffer from performance degradation in wild acoustic test settings when deployed in real-world scenarios. Stabilizing online Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) under…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Hongfu Liu , Hengguan Huang , Ye Wang

Test-Time Adaptation aims to adapt source domain model to testing data at inference stage with success demonstrated in adapting to unseen corruptions. However, these attempts may fail under more challenging real-world scenarios. Existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Yongyi Su , Xun Xu , Kui Jia

Hyperspectral image (HSI) classification models are highly sensitive to distribution shifts caused by real-world degradations such as noise, blur, compression, and atmospheric effects. To address this challenge, we propose HyperTTA…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Xia Yue , Anfeng Liu , Ning Chen , Chenjia Huang , Hui Liu , Zhou Huang , Leyuan Fang

Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) aims to adapt a pre-trained model to a sequence of target domains during the test phase without accessing the source data. To adapt to unlabeled data from unknown domains, existing methods rely on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Jiayao Tan , Fan Lyu , Chenggong Ni , Tingliang Feng , Fuyuan Hu , Zhang Zhang , Shaochuang Zhao , Liang Wang

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) has recently emerged as a promising approach for tackling the robustness challenge under distribution shifts. However, the lack of consistent settings and systematic studies in prior literature hinders thorough…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Hao Zhao , Yuejiang Liu , Alexandre Alahi , Tao Lin

Real-world time series often exhibit a non-stationary nature, degrading the performance of pre-trained forecasting models. Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) addresses this by adjusting models during inference, but existing methods typically update…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Heitor R. Medeiros , Hossein Sharifi-Noghabi , Gabriel L. Oliveira , Saghar Irandoust

Remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) is gaining prominence for its non-invasive approach to monitoring physiological signals using only cameras. Despite its promise, the adaptability of rPPG models to new, unseen domains is hindered due to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Haodong Li , Hao Lu , Ying-Cong Chen

Ensemble methods improve predictive performance but often incur high memory and computational costs. We identify an aggregation instability induced by nonlinear projection and voting operations. To address both efficiency challenges and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Zheng Li , Jerry Cheng , Huanying Helen Gu

Test-time adaptation (TTA) has emerged as a promising solution to address performance decay due to unforeseen distribution shifts between training and test data. While recent TTA methods excel in adapting to test data variations, such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-29 Hyejin Park , Jeongyeon Hwang , Sunung Mun , Sangdon Park , Jungseul Ok

It is a well-known fact that the performance of deep learning models deteriorates when they encounter a distribution shift at test time. Test-time adaptation (TTA) algorithms have been proposed to adapt the model online while inferring test…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Jayeon Yoo , Dongkwan Lee , Inseop Chung , Donghyun Kim , Nojun Kwak

Time series encountered in practice are rarely stationary. When the data distribution changes, a forecasting model trained on past observations can lose accuracy. We study a small-footprint test-time adaptation (TTA) framework for causal…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2026-02-03 Yurui Wu , Qingying Deng , Wonou Chung , Mairui Li

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) such as CLIP enable strong zero-shot recognition but suffer substantial degradation under distribution shifts. Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) aims to improve robustness using only unlabeled test samples, yet most…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Sanggeon Yun , Ryozo Masukawa , SungHeon Jeong , Wenjun Huang , Hanning Chen , Mohsen Imani

Test-time adaptation (TTA) has emerged as a promising paradigm for vision-language models (VLMs) to bridge the distribution gap between pre-training and test data. Recent works have focused on backpropagation-free TTA methods that rely on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Zhaohong Huang , Yuxin Zhang , Wenjing Liu , Fei Chao , Rongrong Ji

Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) generalizes conventional Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) by assuming that the target domain is dynamic over time rather than stationary. In this paper, we explore Multi-Modal Continual Test-Time Adaptation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-21 Haozhi Cao , Yuecong Xu , Jianfei Yang , Pengyu Yin , Shenghai Yuan , Lihua Xie

While deep neural networks can attain good accuracy on in-distribution test points, many applications require robustness even in the face of unexpected perturbations in the input, changes in the domain, or other sources of distribution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Marvin Zhang , Sergey Levine , Chelsea Finn

Machine learning models struggle with generalization when encountering out-of-distribution (OOD) samples with unexpected distribution shifts. For vision tasks, recent studies have shown that test-time adaptation employing diffusion models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Yun-Yun Tsai , Fu-Chen Chen , Albert Y. C. Chen , Junfeng Yang , Che-Chun Su , Min Sun , Cheng-Hao Kuo

Test-time adaptation (TTA) methods, which generally rely on the model's predictions (e.g., entropy minimization) to adapt the source pretrained model to the unlabeled target domain, suffer from noisy signals originating from 1) incorrect or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Jungsoo Lee , Debasmit Das , Jaegul Choo , Sungha Choi

Data augmentation is known to contribute significantly to the robustness of machine learning models. In most instances, data augmentation is utilized during the training phase. Test-Time Augmentation (TTA) is a technique that instead…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-09-20 Masanari Kimura , Howard Bondell