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This article explores the phenomenon of confirmation bias in generative AI chatbots, a relatively underexamined aspect of AI-human interaction. Drawing on cognitive psychology and computational linguistics, it examines how confirmation…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Yiran Du

Social media platforms are online fora where users engage in discussions, share content, and build connections. This review explores the dynamics of social interactions, user-generated contents, and biases within the context of social media…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Virginia Morini , Valentina Pansanella , Katherine Abramski , Erica Cau , Andrea Failla , Salvatore Citraro , Giulio Rossetti

Large language models (LLMs) are now widely deployed in user-facing applications, reaching hundreds of millions worldwide. As they become integrated into everyday tasks, growing reliance on their outputs raises significant concerns. In…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Robin Staab , Jasper Dekoninck , Maximilian Baader , Martin Vechev

This paper compares historical annotations by humans and Large Language Models. The findings reveal that both exhibit some cultural bias, but Large Language Models achieve a higher consensus on the interpretation of historical facts from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Fabio Celli , Georgios Spathulas

A stereotype is an over-generalized belief about a particular group of people, e.g., Asians are good at math or Asians are bad drivers. Such beliefs (biases) are known to hurt target groups. Since pretrained language models are trained on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-21 Moin Nadeem , Anna Bethke , Siva Reddy

This paper proposes two intuitive metrics, skew and stereotype, that quantify and analyse the gender bias present in contextual language models when tackling the WinoBias pronoun resolution task. We find evidence that gender stereotype…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-17 Daniel de Vassimon Manela , David Errington , Thomas Fisher , Boris van Breugel , Pasquale Minervini

Modern models for common NLP tasks often employ machine learning techniques and train on journalistic, social media, or other culturally-derived text. These have recently been scrutinized for racial and gender biases, rooting from inherent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Scott Friedman , Sonja Schmer-Galunder , Anthony Chen , Jeffrey Rye

Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced natural language processing applications, yet their widespread use raises concerns regarding inherent biases that may reduce utility or harm for particular social groups. Despite the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Bo Pang , Tingrui Qiao , Caroline Walker , Chris Cunningham , Yun Sing Koh

The rapid deployment of artificial intelligence (AI) models demands a thorough investigation of biases and risks inherent in these models to understand their impact on individuals and society. This study extends the focus of bias evaluation…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-06-12 Katelyn X. Mei , Sonia Fereidooni , Aylin Caliskan

Large language models (LLMs) reflect societal norms and biases, especially about gender. While societal biases and stereotypes have been extensively researched in various NLP applications, there is a surprising gap for emotion analysis.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Flor Miriam Plaza-del-Arco , Amanda Cercas Curry , Alba Curry , Gavin Abercrombie , Dirk Hovy

Text-to-image generative models are becoming increasingly popular and accessible to the general public. As these models see large-scale deployments, it is necessary to deeply investigate their safety and fairness to not disseminate and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Moreno D'Incà , Elia Peruzzo , Massimiliano Mancini , Dejia Xu , Vidit Goel , Xingqian Xu , Zhangyang Wang , Humphrey Shi , Nicu Sebe

Recent advances in the capacity of large language models to generate human-like text have resulted in their increased adoption in user-facing settings. In parallel, these improvements have prompted a heated discourse around the risks of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-23 Sachin Kumar , Vidhisha Balachandran , Lucille Njoo , Antonios Anastasopoulos , Yulia Tsvetkov

This paper presents research on enhancements to Large Language Models (LLMs) through the addition of diversity in its generated outputs. Our study introduces a configuration of multiple LLMs which demonstrates the diversities capable with a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Purva Prasad Gosavi , Vaishnavi Murlidhar Kulkarni , Alan F. Smeaton

As Large language models (LLMs) become increasingly integrated into our lives, their inherent social biases remain a pressing concern. Detecting and evaluating these biases can be challenging because they are often implicit rather than…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Katherine Abramski , Giulio Rossetti , Massimo Stella

Technologies for abusive language detection are being developed and applied with little consideration of their potential biases. We examine racial bias in five different sets of Twitter data annotated for hate speech and abusive language.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-05-30 Thomas Davidson , Debasmita Bhattacharya , Ingmar Weber

Large Language Models (LLMs) are being adopted across a wide range of tasks, including decision-making processes in industries where bias in AI systems is a significant concern. Recent research indicates that LLMs can harbor implicit biases…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Divyanshu Kumar , Umang Jain , Sahil Agarwal , Prashanth Harshangi

Bias in textual data can lead to skewed interpretations and outcomes when the data is used. These biases could perpetuate stereotypes, discrimination, or other forms of unfair treatment. An algorithm trained on biased data may end up making…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-30 Shaina Raza , Muskan Garg , Deepak John Reji , Syed Raza Bashir , Chen Ding

Aggressive comments on social media negatively impact human life. Such offensive contents are responsible for depression and suicidal-related activities. Since online social networking is increasing day by day, the hate content is also…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-15 Mst Shapna Akter , Hossain Shahriar , Nova Ahmed , Alfredo Cuzzocrea

The rapid growth of social media in recent years has fed into some highly undesirable phenomena such as proliferation of abusive and offensive language on the Internet. Previous research suggests that such hateful content tends to come from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-02-19 Pushkar Mishra , Marco Del Tredici , Helen Yannakoudakis , Ekaterina Shutova

The recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized industries such as finance, marketing, and customer service by enabling sophisticated natural language processing tasks. However, the broad adoption of LLMs brings…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Berk Yilmaz , Huthaifa I. Ashqar