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We present MultiLoKo, a new benchmark for evaluating multilinguality in LLMs covering 31 languages. MultiLoKo consists of three partitions: a main partition consisting of 500 questions per language, separately sourced to be locally relevant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Dieuwke Hupkes , Nikolay Bogoychev

Bengali is an underrepresented language in NLP research. However, it remains a challenge due to its unique linguistic structure and computational constraints. In this work, we systematically investigate the challenges that hinder Bengali…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Shimanto Bhowmik , Tawsif Tashwar Dipto , Md Sazzad Islam , Sheryl Hsu , Tahsin Reasat

Open large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated improving multilingual capabilities in recent years. In this paper, we present a study of open LLMs for multilingual machine translation (MT) across a range of languages, and investigate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Yuzhe Shang , Pengzhi Gao , Wei Liu , Jian Luan , Jinsong Su

Recent advancements in Korean large language models (LLMs) have driven numerous benchmarks and evaluation methods, yet inconsistent protocols cause up to 10 p.p performance gaps across institutions. Overcoming these reproducibility gaps…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Hanwool Lee , Dasol Choi , Sooyong Kim , Ilgyun Jeong , Sangwon Baek , Guijin Son , Inseon Hwang , Naeun Lee , Seunghyeok Hong

Pretrained multilingual language models can help bridge the digital language divide, enabling high-quality NLP models for lower resourced languages. Studies of multilingual models have so far focused on performance, consistency, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Laura Cabello Piqueras , Anders Søgaard

Multilingual Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently shown great capabilities in a wide range of tasks, exhibiting state-of-the-art performance through zero-shot or few-shot prompting methods. While there have been extensive studies on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Ruochen Zhang , Samuel Cahyawijaya , Jan Christian Blaise Cruz , Genta Indra Winata , Alham Fikri Aji

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance in the legal domain, with GPT-4 even passing the Uniform Bar Exam in the U.S. However their efficacy remains limited for non-standardized tasks and tasks in languages…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Yeeun Kim , Young Rok Choi , Eunkyung Choi , Jinhwan Choi , Hai Jin Park , Wonseok Hwang

Based on the foundation of Large Language Models (LLMs), Multilingual LLMs (MLLMs) have been developed to address the challenges faced in multilingual natural language processing, hoping to achieve knowledge transfer from high-resource…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Yuemei Xu , Ling Hu , Jiayi Zhao , Zihan Qiu , Kexin XU , Yuqi Ye , Hanwen Gu

The training of large language models (LLMs) necessitates substantial data and computational resources, and updating outdated LLMs entails significant efforts and resources. While numerous model editing techniques (METs) have emerged to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Himanshu Beniwal , Kowsik Nandagopan D , Mayank Singh

With the advent of Transformer, which was used in translation models in 2017, attention-based architectures began to attract attention. Furthermore, after the emergence of BERT, which strengthened the NLU-specific encoder part, which is a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Kichang Yang

Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive ability for open-domain NLP tasks. However, LLMs are sometimes too footloose for natural language understanding (NLU) tasks which always have restricted output and input format. Their…

Multilingual language models have been a crucial breakthrough as they considerably reduce the need of data for under-resourced languages. Nevertheless, the superiority of language-specific models has already been proven for languages having…

Large language models (LLMs) need to serve everyone, including a global majority of non-English speakers. However, most LLMs today, and open LLMs in particular, are often intended for use in just English (e.g. Llama2, Mistral) or a small…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Carolin Holtermann , Paul Röttger , Timm Dill , Anne Lauscher

Existing research predominantly focuses on developing powerful language learning models (LLMs) for mathematical reasoning within monolingual languages, with few explorations in preserving efficacy in a multilingual context. To bridge this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Nuo Chen , Zinan Zheng , Ning Wu , Ming Gong , Dongmei Zhang , Jia Li

Recent advances in large audio language models (LALMs) have enabled multilingual speech understanding. However, benchmarks for evaluating LALMs remain scarce for non-English languages, with Korean being one such underexplored case. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Jinyoung Kim , Hyeongsoo Lim , Eunseo Seo , Minho Jang , Keunwoo Choi , Seungyoun Shin , Ji Won Yoon

As language-specific training data tends to be sparsely available compared to English, document retrieval in many languages has been largely relying on multilingual models. In Japanese, the best performing deep-learning based retrieval…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Benjamin Clavié

Existing language learning tools, even those powered by Large Language Models (LLMs), often lack support for polyglot learners to build linguistic connections across vocabularies in multiple languages, provide limited customization for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Kenan Tang , Yanhong Li , Yao Qin

Transfer learning based on pretraining language models on a large amount of raw data has become a new norm to reach state-of-the-art performance in NLP. Still, it remains unclear how this approach should be applied for unseen languages that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-20 Benjamin Muller , Antonis Anastasopoulos , Benoît Sagot , Djamé Seddah

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated multilingual capabilities, yet they are mostly English-centric due to the imbalanced training corpora. While prior works have leveraged this bias to enhance multilingual performance through…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Chaoqun Liu , Wenxuan Zhang , Yiran Zhao , Anh Tuan Luu , Lidong Bing