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Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable ability to comprehend, reason, and generate following nature language instructions. However, the development of LLMs has been primarily focused on high-resource languages, such as English,…

Recent frontier models employ long chain-of-thought reasoning to explore solution spaces in context and achieve stonger performance. While many works study distillation to build smaller yet capable models, most focus on English and little…

This work presents the first large-scale investigation into constructing a fully open bilingual large language model (LLM) for a non-English language, specifically Korean, trained predominantly on synthetic data. We introduce KORMo-10B, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Minjun Kim , Hyeonseok Lim , Hangyeol Yoo , Inho Won , Seungwoo Song , Minkyung Cho , Junhun Yuk , Changsu Choi , Dongjae Shin , Huige Lee , Hoyun Song , Alice Oh , Kyungtae Lim

This paper aims for a potential architectural improvement for multilingual learning and asks: Can different tasks from different languages be modeled in a monolithic framework, i.e. without any task/language-specific module? The benefit of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-07 Jinlan Fu , See-Kiong Ng , Pengfei Liu

We introduce HyperCLOVA X, a family of large language models (LLMs) tailored to the Korean language and culture, along with competitive capabilities in English, math, and coding. HyperCLOVA X was trained on a balanced mix of Korean,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Kang Min Yoo , Jaegeun Han , Sookyo In , Heewon Jeon , Jisu Jeong , Jaewook Kang , Hyunwook Kim , Kyung-Min Kim , Munhyong Kim , Sungju Kim , Donghyun Kwak , Hanock Kwak , Se Jung Kwon , Bado Lee , Dongsoo Lee , Gichang Lee , Jooho Lee , Baeseong Park , Seongjin Shin , Joonsang Yu , Seolki Baek , Sumin Byeon , Eungsup Cho , Dooseok Choe , Jeesung Han , Youngkyun Jin , Hyein Jun , Jaeseung Jung , Chanwoong Kim , Jinhong Kim , Jinuk Kim , Dokyeong Lee , Dongwook Park , Jeong Min Sohn , Sujung Han , Jiae Heo , Sungju Hong , Mina Jeon , Hyunhoon Jung , Jungeun Jung , Wangkyo Jung , Chungjoon Kim , Hyeri Kim , Jonghyun Kim , Min Young Kim , Soeun Lee , Joonhee Park , Jieun Shin , Sojin Yang , Jungsoon Yoon , Hwaran Lee , Sanghwan Bae , Jeehwan Cha , Karl Gylleus , Donghoon Ham , Mihak Hong , Youngki Hong , Yunki Hong , Dahyun Jang , Hyojun Jeon , Yujin Jeon , Yeji Jeong , Myunggeun Ji , Yeguk Jin , Chansong Jo , Shinyoung Joo , Seunghwan Jung , Adrian Jungmyung Kim , Byoung Hoon Kim , Hyomin Kim , Jungwhan Kim , Minkyoung Kim , Minseung Kim , Sungdong Kim , Yonghee Kim , Youngjun Kim , Youngkwan Kim , Donghyeon Ko , Dughyun Lee , Ha Young Lee , Jaehong Lee , Jieun Lee , Jonghyun Lee , Jongjin Lee , Min Young Lee , Yehbin Lee , Taehong Min , Yuri Min , Kiyoon Moon , Hyangnam Oh , Jaesun Park , Kyuyon Park , Younghun Park , Hanbae Seo , Seunghyun Seo , Mihyun Sim , Gyubin Son , Matt Yeo , Kyung Hoon Yeom , Wonjoon Yoo , Myungin You , Doheon Ahn , Homin Ahn , Joohee Ahn , Seongmin Ahn , Chanwoo An , Hyeryun An , Junho An , Sang-Min An , Boram Byun , Eunbin Byun , Jongho Cha , Minji Chang , Seunggyu Chang , Haesong Cho , Youngdo Cho , Dalnim Choi , Daseul Choi , Hyoseok Choi , Minseong Choi , Sangho Choi , Seongjae Choi , Wooyong Choi , Sewhan Chun , Dong Young Go , Chiheon Ham , Danbi Han , Jaemin Han , Moonyoung Hong , Sung Bum Hong , Dong-Hyun Hwang , Seongchan Hwang , Jinbae Im , Hyuk Jin Jang , Jaehyung Jang , Jaeni Jang , Sihyeon Jang , Sungwon Jang , Joonha Jeon , Daun Jeong , Joonhyun Jeong , Kyeongseok Jeong , Mini Jeong , Sol Jin , Hanbyeol Jo , Hanju Jo , Minjung Jo , Chaeyoon Jung , Hyungsik Jung , Jaeuk Jung , Ju Hwan Jung , Kwangsun Jung , Seungjae Jung , Soonwon Ka , Donghan Kang , Soyoung Kang , Taeho Kil , Areum Kim , Beomyoung Kim , Byeongwook Kim , Daehee Kim , Dong-Gyun Kim , Donggook Kim , Donghyun Kim , Euna Kim , Eunchul Kim , Geewook Kim , Gyu Ri Kim , Hanbyul Kim , Heesu Kim , Isaac Kim , Jeonghoon Kim , Jihye Kim , Joonghoon Kim , Minjae Kim , Minsub Kim , Pil Hwan Kim , Sammy Kim , Seokhun Kim , Seonghyeon Kim , Soojin Kim , Soong Kim , Soyoon Kim , Sunyoung Kim , Taeho Kim , Wonho Kim , Yoonsik Kim , You Jin Kim , Yuri Kim , Beomseok Kwon , Ohsung Kwon , Yoo-Hwan Kwon , Anna Lee , Byungwook Lee , Changho Lee , Daun Lee , Dongjae Lee , Ha-Ram Lee , Hodong Lee , Hwiyeong Lee , Hyunmi Lee , Injae Lee , Jaeung Lee , Jeongsang Lee , Jisoo Lee , Jongsoo Lee , Joongjae Lee , Juhan Lee , Jung Hyun Lee , Junghoon Lee , Junwoo Lee , Se Yun Lee , Sujin Lee , Sungjae Lee , Sungwoo Lee , Wonjae Lee , Zoo Hyun Lee , Jong Kun Lim , Kun Lim , Taemin Lim , Nuri Na , Jeongyeon Nam , Kyeong-Min Nam , Yeonseog Noh , Biro Oh , Jung-Sik Oh , Solgil Oh , Yeontaek Oh , Boyoun Park , Cheonbok Park , Dongju Park , Hyeonjin Park , Hyun Tae Park , Hyunjung Park , Jihye Park , Jooseok Park , Junghwan Park , Jungsoo Park , Miru Park , Sang Hee Park , Seunghyun Park , Soyoung Park , Taerim Park , Wonkyeong Park , Hyunjoon Ryu , Jeonghun Ryu , Nahyeon Ryu , Soonshin Seo , Suk Min Seo , Yoonjeong Shim , Kyuyong Shin , Wonkwang Shin , Hyun Sim , Woongseob Sim , Hyejin Soh , Bokyong Son , Hyunjun Son , Seulah Son , Chi-Yun Song , Chiyoung Song , Ka Yeon Song , Minchul Song , Seungmin Song , Jisung Wang , Yonggoo Yeo , Myeong Yeon Yi , Moon Bin Yim , Taehwan Yoo , Youngjoon Yoo , Sungmin Yoon , Young Jin Yoon , Hangyeol Yu , Ui Seon Yu , Xingdong Zuo , Jeongin Bae , Joungeun Bae , Hyunsoo Cho , Seonghyun Cho , Yongjin Cho , Taekyoon Choi , Yera Choi , Jiwan Chung , Zhenghui Han , Byeongho Heo , Euisuk Hong , Taebaek Hwang , Seonyeol Im , Sumin Jegal , Sumin Jeon , Yelim Jeong , Yonghyun Jeong , Can Jiang , Juyong Jiang , Jiho Jin , Ara Jo , Younghyun Jo , Hoyoun Jung , Juyoung Jung , Seunghyeong Kang , Dae Hee Kim , Ginam Kim , Hangyeol Kim , Heeseung Kim , Hyojin Kim , Hyojun Kim , Hyun-Ah Kim , Jeehye Kim , Jin-Hwa Kim , Jiseon Kim , Jonghak Kim , Jung Yoon Kim , Rak Yeong Kim , Seongjin Kim , Seoyoon Kim , Sewon Kim , Sooyoung Kim , Sukyoung Kim , Taeyong Kim , Naeun Ko , Bonseung Koo , Heeyoung Kwak , Haena Kwon , Youngjin Kwon , Boram Lee , Bruce W. Lee , Dagyeong Lee , Erin Lee , Euijin Lee , Ha Gyeong Lee , Hyojin Lee , Hyunjeong Lee , Jeeyoon Lee , Jeonghyun Lee , Jongheok Lee , Joonhyung Lee , Junhyuk Lee , Mingu Lee , Nayeon Lee , Sangkyu Lee , Se Young Lee , Seulgi Lee , Seung Jin Lee , Suhyeon Lee , Yeonjae Lee , Yesol Lee , Youngbeom Lee , Yujin Lee , Shaodong Li , Tianyu Liu , Seong-Eun Moon , Taehong Moon , Max-Lasse Nihlenramstroem , Wonseok Oh , Yuri Oh , Hongbeen Park , Hyekyung Park , Jaeho Park , Nohil Park , Sangjin Park , Jiwon Ryu , Miru Ryu , Simo Ryu , Ahreum Seo , Hee Seo , Kangdeok Seo , Jamin Shin , Seungyoun Shin , Heetae Sin , Jiangping Wang , Lei Wang , Ning Xiang , Longxiang Xiao , Jing Xu , Seonyeong Yi , Haanju Yoo , Haneul Yoo , Hwanhee Yoo , Liang Yu , Youngjae Yu , Weijie Yuan , Bo Zeng , Qian Zhou , Kyunghyun Cho , Jung-Woo Ha , Joonsuk Park , Jihyun Hwang , Hyoung Jo Kwon , Soonyong Kwon , Jungyeon Lee , Seungho Lee , Seonghyeon Lim , Hyunkyung Noh , Seungho Choi , Sang-Woo Lee , Jung Hwa Lim , Nako Sung

The NLP community recently saw the release of a new large open-access multilingual language model, BLOOM (BigScience et al., 2022) covering 46 languages. We focus on BLOOM's multilingual ability by evaluating its machine translation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Rachel Bawden , François Yvon

Large language models (LLMs) use pretraining to predict the subsequent word; however, their expansion requires significant computing resources. Numerous big tech companies and research institutes have developed multilingual LLMs (MLLMs) to…

Multilingual Language Models (\MLLMs) such as mBERT, XLM, XLM-R, \textit{etc.} have emerged as a viable option for bringing the power of pretraining to a large number of languages. Given their success in zero-shot transfer learning, there…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-24 Sumanth Doddapaneni , Gowtham Ramesh , Mitesh M. Khapra , Anoop Kunchukuttan , Pratyush Kumar

The impressive development of large language models (LLMs) is expanding into the realm of large multimodal models (LMMs), which incorporate multiple types of data beyond text. However, the nature of multimodal models leads to significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Dongjae Shin , Hyeonseok Lim , Inho Won , Changsu Choi , Minjun Kim , Seungwoo Song , Hangyeol Yoo , Sangmin Kim , Kyungtae Lim

Multilingual language models have significantly advanced due to rapid progress in natural language processing. Models like BLOOM 1.7B, trained on diverse multilingual datasets, aim to bridge linguistic gaps. However, their effectiveness in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Santhosh Kakarla , Gautama Shastry Bulusu Venkata , Aishwarya Gaddam , Maheedhar Sai Omtri Mohan

As LLMs reduce English-centric bias, a surprising trend emerges: non-English responses sometimes outperform English on reasoning tasks. We hypothesize that language functions as a latent variable that structurally modulates the model's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Linjuan Wu , Haoran Wei , Jialong Tang , Shuang Luo , Baosong Yang , Yongliang Shen , Weiming Lu

We introduce KoBALT (Korean Benchmark for Advanced Linguistic Tasks), a comprehensive linguistically-motivated benchmark comprising 700 multiple-choice questions spanning 24 phenomena across five linguistic domains: syntax, semantics,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Hyopil Shin , Sangah Lee , Dongjun Jang , Wooseok Song , Jaeyoon Kim , Chaeyoung Oh , Hyemi Jo , Youngchae Ahn , Sihyun Oh , Hyohyeong Chang , Sunkyoung Kim , Jinsik Lee

While Large Language Models have gained attention, many service developers still rely on embedding-based models due to practical constraints. In such cases, the quality of fine-tuning data directly impacts performance, and English datasets…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Jong Myoung Kim , Young-Jun Lee , Ho-Jin Choi , Sangkeun Jung

To democratize large language models (LLMs) to most natural languages, it is imperative to make these models capable of understanding and generating texts in many languages, in particular low-resource ones. While recent multilingual LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Wen Lai , Mohsen Mesgar , Alexander Fraser

This paper is a technical report to share our experience and findings building a Korean and English bilingual multimodal model. While many of the multimodal datasets focus on English and multilingual multimodal research uses…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-18 Byungsoo Ko , Geonmo Gu

Open source large language models (LLMs) have shown great improvements in recent times. However, many of these models are focused solely on popular spoken languages. We present a high quality dataset of more than 70k prompt-response pairs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Peter Devine

In recent years, large language models (e.g., Open AI's GPT-4, Meta's LLaMa, Google's PaLM) have become the dominant approach for building AI systems to analyze and generate language online. However, the automated systems that increasingly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-14 Gabriel Nicholas , Aliya Bhatia

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in recent years; however, their excellent performance is still largely limited to major world languages, primarily English. Many LLMs continue to face challenges with…

Polyglot programming is gaining popularity as developers integrate multiple programming languages to harness their individual strengths. With the recent popularity of platforms like GraalVM and other multi-language runtimes, creating and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Jyoti Prakash , Abhishek Tiwari , Mikkel Baun Kjærgaard

Despite their popularity in non-English NLP, multilingual language models often underperform monolingual ones due to inter-language competition for model parameters. We propose Cross-lingual Expert Language Models (X-ELM), which mitigate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Terra Blevins , Tomasz Limisiewicz , Suchin Gururangan , Margaret Li , Hila Gonen , Noah A. Smith , Luke Zettlemoyer
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