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Large Language Models (LLMs) do not differentially represent numbers, which are pervasive in text. In contrast, neuroscience research has identified distinct neural representations for numbers and words. In this work, we investigate how…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-01-10 Raj Sanjay Shah , Vijay Marupudi , Reba Koenen , Khushi Bhardwaj , Sashank Varma

Do machines and humans process language in similar ways? Recent research has hinted at the affirmative, showing that human neural activity can be effectively predicted using the internal representations of language models (LMs). Although…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Yuchen Zhou , Emmy Liu , Graham Neubig , Michael J. Tarr , Leila Wehbe

This study investigates whether large language models (LLMs) mirror human neurocognition during abstract reasoning. We compared the performance and neural representations of human participants with those of eight open-source LLMs on an…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-08-15 Christopher Pinier , Sonia Acuña Vargas , Mariia Steeghs-Turchina , Dora Matzke , Claire E. Stevenson , Michael D. Nunez

Understanding whether large language models (LLMs) and the human brain converge on similar computational principles remains a fundamental and important question in cognitive neuroscience and AI. Do the brain-like patterns observed in LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Yu Lei , Xingyang Ge , Yi Zhang , Yiming Yang , Bolei Ma

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable abilities in text comprehension and logical reasoning, indicating that the text representations learned by LLMs can facilitate their language processing capabilities. In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-16 Yuqi Ren , Renren Jin , Tongxuan Zhang , Deyi Xiong

Neural network models of language have long been used as a tool for developing hypotheses about conceptual representation in the mind and brain. For many years, such use involved extracting vector-space representations of words and using…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-13 Siddharth Suresh , Kushin Mukherjee , Xizheng Yu , Wei-Chun Huang , Lisa Padua , Timothy T Rogers

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable similarity to neural activity in the human language network. However, the key properties of language shaping brain-like representations, and their evolution during training as a function of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Badr AlKhamissi , Greta Tuckute , Yingtian Tang , Taha Binhuraib , Antoine Bosselut , Martin Schrimpf

Previous work has shown correlations between the hidden states of large language models and fMRI brain responses, on language tasks. These correlations have been taken as evidence of the representational similarity of these models and brain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Iñigo Parra

Recent studies suggest that the representations learned by large language models (LLMs) are partially aligned to those of the human brain. However, whether and why this alignment score arises from a similar sequence of computations remains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Joséphine Raugel , Stéphane d'Ascoli , Jérémy Rapin , Valentin Wyart , Jean-Rémi King

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated human-like abilities in language-based tasks. While language is a defining feature of human intelligence, it emerges from more fundamental neurophysical processes rather than constituting the…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-09-12 Doai Ngo , Mingxuan Sun , Zhengji Zhang , Ashwin G Ramayya , Mark Schnitzer , Zhe Zhao

Humans are believed to perceive numbers on a logarithmic mental number line, where smaller values are represented with greater resolution than larger ones. This cognitive bias, supported by neuroscience and behavioral studies, suggests that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 H. V. AlquBoj , Hilal AlQuabeh , Velibor Bojkovic , Tatsuya Hiraoka , Ahmed Oumar El-Shangiti , Munachiso Nwadike , Kentaro Inui

Large Language Models (LLMs) are huge artificial neural networks which primarily serve to generate text, but also provide a very sophisticated probabilistic model of language use. Since generating a semantically consistent text requires a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Romuald A. Janik

Large language models (LLMs) have led to breakthroughs in language tasks, yet the internal mechanisms that enable their remarkable generalization and reasoning abilities remain opaque. This lack of transparency presents challenges such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Haiyan Zhao , Fan Yang , Bo Shen , Himabindu Lakkaraju , Mengnan Du

The representations generated by many models of language (word embeddings, recurrent neural networks and transformers) correlate to brain activity recorded while people read. However, these decoding results are usually based on the brain's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-16 Maryam Hashemzadeh , Greta Kaufeld , Martha White , Andrea E. Martin , Alona Fyshe

Neural Language Models (NLMs) have made tremendous advances during the last years, achieving impressive performance on various linguistic tasks. Capitalizing on this, studies in neuroscience have started to use NLMs to study neural activity…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-07-08 Alexandre Pasquiou , Yair Lakretz , John Hale , Bertrand Thirion , Christophe Pallier

Recent advancements in artificial intelligence have sparked interest in the parallels between large language models (LLMs) and human neural processing, particularly in language comprehension. While prior research has established…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Gavin Mischler , Yinghao Aaron Li , Stephan Bickel , Ashesh D. Mehta , Nima Mesgarani

The advancement of large language models (LLMs) for real-world applications hinges critically on enhancing their reasoning capabilities. In this work, we explore the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs) through their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Romain Cosentino , Sarath Shekkizhar

Cognitive science and neuroscience have long faced the challenge of disentangling representations of language from representations of conceptual meaning. As the same problem arises in today's language models (LMs), we investigate the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Maria Ryskina , Greta Tuckute , Alexander Fung , Ashley Malkin , Evelina Fedorenko

Understanding the similarity between large language models (LLMs) and human brain activity is crucial for advancing both AI and cognitive neuroscience. In this study, we provide a multilinguistic, large-scale assessment of this similarity…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Xin Xiao , Kaiwen Wei , Jiang Zhong , Xuekai Wei , Mingliang Zhou

People acquire concepts through rich physical and social experiences and use them to understand and navigate the world. In contrast, large language models (LLMs), trained solely through next-token prediction on text, exhibit strikingly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Ningyu Xu , Qi Zhang , Chao Du , Qiang Luo , Xipeng Qiu , Xuanjing Huang , Menghan Zhang
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