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Reinforcement learning in multi-agent scenarios is important for real-world applications but presents challenges beyond those seen in single-agent settings. We present an actor-critic algorithm that trains decentralized policies in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-29 Shariq Iqbal , Fei Sha

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) faces significant challenges in task sequencing and curriculum design, particularly for cooperative coordination scenarios. While curriculum learning has demonstrated success in single-agent…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Farhaan Ebadulla , Dharini Hindlatti , Srinivaasan NS , Apoorva VH , Ayman Aftab

The majority of Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) literature equates the cooperation of self-interested agents in mixed environments to the problem of social welfare maximization, allowing agents to arbitrarily share rewards and…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Dmitry Ivanov , Ilya Zisman , Kirill Chernyshev

In this paper, we study the cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) problems using Reward Machines (RMs) to specify the reward functions such that the prior knowledge of high-level events in a task can be leveraged to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Xuejing Zheng , Chao Yu

Offline Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) is valuable in scenarios where online interaction is impractical or risky. While independent learning in MARL offers flexibility and scalability, accurately assigning credit to individual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-01 Ziyan Wang , Yali Du , Yudi Zhang , Meng Fang , Biwei Huang

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) algorithms are widely adopted in tackling complex tasks that require collaboration and competition among agents in dynamic Multi-Agent Systems (MAS). However, learning such tasks from scratch is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Ayesha Siddika Nipu , Siming Liu , Anthony Harris

The performance of multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) in partially observable environments depends on effectively aggregating information from observations, communications, and reward signals. While most existing multi-agent systems…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Qinwei Huang , Stefan Wang , Simon Khan , Garrett Katz , Qinru Qiu

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) has shown clear effectiveness in coordinating multiple agents across simulated benchmarks and constrained scenarios. However, its deployment in real-world multi-agent systems (MAS) remains limited,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Siyi Hu , Mohamad A Hady , Jianglin Qiao , Jimmy Cao , Mahardhika Pratama , Ryszard Kowalczyk

To achieve general intelligence, agents must learn how to interact with others in a shared environment: this is the challenge of multiagent reinforcement learning (MARL). The simplest form is independent reinforcement learning (InRL), where…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-11-08 Marc Lanctot , Vinicius Zambaldi , Audrunas Gruslys , Angeliki Lazaridou , Karl Tuyls , Julien Perolat , David Silver , Thore Graepel

Role-based learning holds the promise of achieving scalable multi-agent learning by decomposing complex tasks using roles. However, it is largely unclear how to efficiently discover such a set of roles. To solve this problem, we propose to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Tonghan Wang , Tarun Gupta , Anuj Mahajan , Bei Peng , Shimon Whiteson , Chongjie Zhang

This paper extends off-policy reinforcement learning to the multi-agent case in which a set of networked agents communicating with their neighbors according to a time-varying graph collaboratively evaluates and improves a target policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-20 Wesley Suttle , Zhuoran Yang , Kaiqing Zhang , Zhaoran Wang , Tamer Basar , Ji Liu

Cooperative multi-agent problems often require coordination between agents, which can be achieved through a centralized policy that considers the global state. Multi-agent policy gradient (MAPG) methods are commonly used to learn such…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-08-03 Xubo Lyu , Amin Banitalebi-Dehkordi , Mo Chen , Yong Zhang

Almost all multi-agent reinforcement learning algorithms without communication follow the principle of centralized training with decentralized execution. During centralized training, agents can be guided by the same signals, such as the…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-12-08 Zhiwei Xu , Bin Zhang , Dapeng Li , Zeren Zhang , Guangchong Zhou , Hao Chen , Guoliang Fan

We study multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) for the general-sum Markov Games (MGs) under the general function approximation. In order to find the minimum assumption for sample-efficient learning, we introduce a novel complexity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Nuoya Xiong , Zhihan Liu , Zhaoran Wang , Zhuoran Yang

Cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) aims to coordinate multiple agents to achieve a common goal. A key challenge in MARL is credit assignment, which involves assessing each agent's contribution to the shared reward. Given…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Xutong Zhao , Yaqi Xie

Tackling multi-agent learning problems efficiently is a challenging task in continuous action domains. While value-based algorithms excel in sample efficiency when applied to discrete action domains, they are usually inefficient when…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Yasin Findik , S. Reza Ahmadzadeh

Many real-world scenarios involve a team of agents that have to coordinate their policies to achieve a shared goal. Previous studies mainly focus on decentralized control to maximize a common reward and barely consider the coordination…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Jingqing Ruan , Yali Du , Xuantang Xiong , Dengpeng Xing , Xiyun Li , Linghui Meng , Haifeng Zhang , Jun Wang , Bo Xu

Imitation learning algorithms can be used to learn a policy from expert demonstrations without access to a reward signal. However, most existing approaches are not applicable in multi-agent settings due to the existence of multiple (Nash)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-27 Jiaming Song , Hongyu Ren , Dorsa Sadigh , Stefano Ermon

Much work has been dedicated to the exploration of Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) paradigms implementing a centralized learning with decentralized execution (CLDE) approach to achieve human-like collaboration in cooperative…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-07-26 Piyush K. Sharma , Rolando Fernandez , Erin Zaroukian , Michael Dorothy , Anjon Basak , Derrik E. Asher

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) has emerged as a foundational approach for addressing diverse, intelligent control tasks in various scenarios like the Internet of Vehicles, Internet of Things, and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles.…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Xiaoxue Yu , Rongpeng Li , Chengchao Liang , Zhifeng Zhao