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In neural networks literature, there is a strong interest in identifying and defining activation functions which can improve neural network performance. In recent years there has been a renovated interest of the scientific community in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-01 Andrea Apicella , Francesco Donnarumma , Francesco Isgrò , Roberto Prevete

Deep networks are gradually penetrating almost every domain in our lives due to their amazing success. However, with substantive performance accuracy improvements comes the price of \emph{irreproducibility}. Two identical models, trained on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-02 Gil I. Shamir , Dong Lin , Lorenzo Coviello

Existing parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods primarily adapt weight matrices while keeping activation functions fixed. We introduce \textbf{NoRA}, the first PEFT framework that directly adapts nonlinear activation functions in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Bo Yin , Xingyi Yang , Xinchao Wang

This work provides a thorough study on how reward scaling can affect performance of deep reinforcement learning agents. In particular, we would like to answer the question that how does reward scaling affect non-saturating ReLU networks in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-01 Yueh-Hua Wu , Fan-Yun Sun , Yen-Yu Chang , Shou-De Lin

We introduce stochastic activations. This novel strategy randomly selects between several non-linear functions in the feed-forward layer of a large language model. In particular, we choose between SILU or RELU depending on a Bernoulli draw.…

The loss function used to train a neural network is strongly connected to its output layer from a statistical point of view. This technical report analyzes common activation functions for a neural network output layer, like linear, sigmoid,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Fernando Berzal

We have proposed orthogonal-Pad\'e activation functions, which are trainable activation functions and show that they have faster learning capability and improves the accuracy in standard deep learning datasets and models. Based on our…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-06-18 Koushik Biswas , Shilpak Banerjee , Ashish Kumar Pandey

In the desire to quantify the success of neural networks in deep learning and other applications, there is a great interest in understanding which functions are efficiently approximated by the outputs of neural networks. By now, there…

Activation functions are crucial in deep learning models since they introduce non-linearity into the networks, allowing them to learn from errors and make adjustments, which is essential for learning complex patterns. The essential purpose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Koushik Biswas , Meghana Karri , Ulaş Bağcı

In this paper, we propose a new super-expressive activation function called the Parametric Elementary Universal Activation Function (PEUAF). We demonstrate the effectiveness of PEUAF through systematic and comprehensive experiments on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Qianchao Wang , Shijun Zhang , Dong Zeng , Zhaoheng Xie , Hengtao Guo , Feng-Lei Fan , Tieyong Zeng

Over the past few years, there has been a significant amount of research focused on studying the ReLU activation function, with the aim of achieving neural network convergence through over-parametrization. However, recent developments in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-30 Yeqi Gao , Sridhar Mahadevan , Zhao Song

In this paper, we construct neural networks with ReLU, sine and $2^x$ as activation functions. For general continuous $f$ defined on $[0,1]^d$ with continuity modulus $\omega_f(\cdot)$, we construct ReLU-sine-$2^x$ networks that enjoy an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-16 Yuling Jiao , Yanming Lai , Xiliang Lu , Fengru Wang , Jerry Zhijian Yang , Yuanyuan Yang

Well-known activation functions like ReLU or Leaky ReLU are non-differentiable at the origin. Over the years, many smooth approximations of ReLU have been proposed using various smoothing techniques. We propose new smooth approximations of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Koushik Biswas , Sandeep Kumar , Shilpak Banerjee , Ashish Kumar Pandey

Activation functions are central to deep networks, influencing non-linearity, feature learning, convergence, and robustness. This paper proposes the Adaptive Arctangent Gated Activation (ArcGate) function, a flexible formulation that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Avik Bhattacharya , Siddhant Dnyanesh Gole , Subhasis Chaudhuri , Alejandro C. Frery , Biplab Banerjee

The mathematical complexity and high dimensionality of neural networks slow both training and deployment, demanding heavy computational resources. This has driven the search for alternative architectures built from novel components,…

Applied Physics · Physics 2025-12-15 Jake McNaughton , A. H. Abbas , Ivan S. Maksymov

Different activation functions work best for different deep learning models. To exploit this, we leverage recent advancements in gradient-based search techniques for neural architectures to efficiently identify high-performing activation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-14 Lukas Strack , Mahmoud Safari , Frank Hutter

An activation function has crucial role in a deep neural network. A simple rectified linear unit (ReLU) are widely used for the activation function. In this paper, a weighted sigmoid gate unit (WiG) is proposed as the activation function.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-10-04 Masayuki Tanaka

Although normalization layers have long been viewed as indispensable components of deep learning architectures, the recent introduction of Dynamic Tanh (DyT) has demonstrated that alternatives are possible. The point-wise function DyT…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Mingzhi Chen , Taiming Lu , Jiachen Zhu , Mingjie Sun , Zhuang Liu

While it is well-known that neural networks enjoy excellent approximation capabilities, it remains a big challenge to compute such approximations from point samples. Based on tools from Information-based complexity, recent work by Grohs and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-22 Ahmed Abdeljawad , Philipp Grohs

This paper introduces a significantly better class of activation functions than the almost universally used ReLU like and Sigmoidal class of activation functions. Two new activation functions referred to as the Cone and Parabolic-Cone that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Mathew Mithra Noel , Yug Oswal