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The majority of current systems for end-to-end dialog generation focus on response quality without an explicit control over the affective content of the responses. In this paper, we present an affect-driven dialog system, which generates…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-08 Pierre Colombo , Wojciech Witon , Ashutosh Modi , James Kennedy , Mubbasir Kapadia

As chatbots are becoming increasingly popular, we often wonder what users perceive as natural and socially accepted manners of interacting with them. Some researchers maintain that humans should avoid engaging in emotional conversations…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-09-18 Ekaterina Svikhnushina , Pearl Pu

The recent paradigm shift toward large reasoning models (LRMs) as autonomous agents has intensified the demand for sophisticated, multi-turn tool-use capabilities. Yet, existing datasets and data-generation approaches are limited by static,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Jungho Cho , Minbyul Jeong , Sungrae Park

Automated dialogue systems are important applications of artificial intelligence, and traditional systems struggle to understand user emotions and provide empathetic feedback. This study integrates emotional intelligence technology into…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Jin Wang , JinFei Wang , Shuying Dai , Jiqiang Yu , Keqin Li

Conversational AI is increasingly deployed in emotionally charged and ethically sensitive interactions. Previous research has primarily concentrated on emotional benchmarks or static safety checks, overlooking how alignment unfolds in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Jiawen Deng , Wentao Zhang , Ziyun Jiao , Fuji Ren

With the advent of generative AI and large language models, embodied conversational agents are becoming synonymous with online interactions. These agents possess vast amounts of knowledge but suffer from exhibiting limited emotional…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Abhishek Kulkarni , Alexander Barquero , Pavitra Lahari , Aryaan Shaikh , Sarah Brown

Recommender systems play a central role in numerous real-life applications, yet evaluating their performance remains a significant challenge due to the gap between offline metrics and online behaviors. Given the scarcity and limits (e.g.,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Nicolas Bougie , Narimasa Watanabe

Generating appropriate emotions for responses is essential for dialog systems to provide human-like interaction in various application scenarios. Most previous dialog systems tried to achieve this goal by learning empathetic manners from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-12 Zhiyuan Wen , Jiannong Cao , Jiaxing Shen , Ruosong Yang , Shuaiqi Liu , Maosong Sun

As emotional support chatbots have recently gained significant traction across both research and industry, a common evaluation strategy has emerged: use help-seeker simulators to interact with supporter chatbots. However, current simulators…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Chaewon Heo , Cheyon Jin , Yohan Jo

Designing emotionally intelligent conversational systems to provide comfort and advice to people experiencing distress is a compelling area of research. Recently, with advancements in large language models (LLMs), end-to-end dialogue agents…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Chenwei Wan , Matthieu Labeau , Chloé Clavel

We introduce end-to-end neural network based models for simulating users of task-oriented dialogue systems. User simulation in dialogue systems is crucial from two different perspectives: (i) automatic evaluation of different dialogue…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-11-13 Izzeddin Gur , Dilek Hakkani-Tur , Gokhan Tur , Pararth Shah

An effective multi-turn instruction-following assistant can be developed by creating a simulator that can generate useful interaction data. Apart from relying on its intrinsic weights, an ideal user simulator should also be able to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Kaustubh D. Dhole

The ability to recognise emotions lends a conversational artificial intelligence a human touch. While emotions in chit-chat dialogues have received substantial attention, emotions in task-oriented dialogues remain largely unaddressed. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-03 Shutong Feng , Nurul Lubis , Christian Geishauser , Hsien-chin Lin , Michael Heck , Carel van Niekerk , Milica Gašić

Existing emotion-aware conversational models usually focus on controlling the response contents to align with a specific emotion class, whereas empathy is the ability to understand and concern the feelings and experience of others. Hence,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-26 Yanran Li , Ke Li , Hongke Ning , xiaoqiang Xia , Yalong Guo , Chen Wei , Jianwei Cui , Bin Wang

Dialogue policy optimisation via reinforcement learning requires a large number of training interactions, which makes learning with real users time consuming and expensive. Many set-ups therefore rely on a user simulator instead of humans.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-17 Hsien-chin Lin , Nurul Lubis , Songbo Hu , Carel van Niekerk , Christian Geishauser , Michael Heck , Shutong Feng , Milica Gašić

User satisfaction is closely related to enterprises, as it not only directly reflects users' subjective evaluation of service quality or products, but also affects customer loyalty and long-term business revenue. Monitoring and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Jing Bian , Haoxiang Su , Liting Jiang , Di Wu , Ruiyu Fang , Xiaomeng Huang , Yanbing Li , Shuangyong Song , Hao Huang

Emotional support is a crucial skill for many real-world scenarios, including caring for the elderly, mental health support, and customer service chats. This paper presents a novel task of empathetic dialog generation with positive emotion…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-25 Shihang Wang , Xinchao Xu , Wenquan Wu , Zheng-Yu Niu , Hua Wu , Haifeng Wang

Prior efforts to create an autonomous computer system capable of predicting what a human being is thinking or feeling from facial expression data have been largely based on outdated, inaccurate models of how emotions work that rely on many…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-08-06 Trevor Buteau , Damian Lyons

User Simulators play a pivotal role in training and evaluating task-oriented dialogue systems. Traditional user simulators typically rely on human-engineered agendas, resulting in generated responses that often lack diversity and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Xiang Luo , Zhiwen Tang , Jin Wang , Xuejie Zhang

Medical dialogue systems have attracted significant attention for their potential to act as medical assistants. Enabling these medical systems to emulate clinicians' diagnostic reasoning process has been the long-standing research focus.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Kaishuai Xu , Yi Cheng , Wenjun Hou , Qiaoyu Tan , Wenjie Li